Serious health risks associated with the consumption of food products contaminated with aflatoxins (AFs) are worldwide recognized and depend predominantly on consumed AF concentration by diet. A low concentration of aflatoxins in cereals and related food commodities is unavoidable, especially in subtropic and tropic regions. Accordingly, risk assessment guidelines established by regulatory bodies in different countries help in the prevention of aflatoxin intoxication and the protection of public health. By assessing the maximal levels of aflatoxins in food products which are a potential risk to human health, it's possible to establish appropriate risk management strategies. Regarding, a few factors are crucial for making a rational risk management decision, such as toxicological profile, adequate information concerning the exposure duration, availability of routine and some novel analytical techniques, socioeconomic factors, food intake patterns, and maximal allowed levels of each aflatoxin in different food products which may be varied between countries.

• Klíčová slova
• Aflatoxins, Detection, Health risk, Measurement, Toxicity,
• MeSH
• aflatoxiny * toxicita   analýza   metabolismus   MeSH
• dieta MeSH
• hodnocení rizik MeSH
• kontaminace potravin * prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• potraviny MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• aflatoxiny * MeSH

Results of 492 analyses for aflatoxin in raw shelled peanuts imported into Czechoslovakia during 1982-1984 are presented. Most samples (55.3%) had aflatoxin content less than the detection limit of the radioimmunochemical screening method (0.8 micrograms/kg). Further analyses showed that 239 out of 410 samples of roasted peanuts contained aflatoxin below the detection limit. Only 1.9% of all peanut samples were found to have contamination level more than 5 micrograms/kg aflatoxin. The highest levels of aflatoxin observed were in a raw peanut sample containing 202.1 micrograms/kg and in a roasted peanut sample containing 32.6 micrograms/kg.

• MeSH
• aflatoxiny analýza   MeSH
• analýza potravin * MeSH
• Arachis * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• radioimunoanalýza metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Československo MeSH
• Názvy látek
• aflatoxiny MeSH

Cross-reactions and resulting nonspecific binding of substances with structures resembling aflatoxins (derivatives of coumarin, and cinnamonic and benzoic acids, etc.) were investigated. The concentrations of these substances causing erroneously high or false positive values in radioimmunoassay were determined. One microgram aflatoxin B1/kg sample may be simulated by the occurrence of 5 g coumarin, 10 g caffeic acid, 16 g chlorogenic acid, or 15 g vanillin/kg fodder or food sample.

• MeSH
• aflatoxiny analýza   imunologie   MeSH
• indikátory a reagencie MeSH
• kontaminace potravin analýza   MeSH
• krmivo pro zvířata analýza   MeSH
• potravinářská mikrobiologie * MeSH
• radioimunoanalýza MeSH
• rozpouštědla MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• aflatoxiny MeSH
• indikátory a reagencie MeSH
• rozpouštědla MeSH

In the early 1960s the discovery of aflatoxins began when a total of 100,000 turkey poults died by hitherto unknown turkey "X" disease in England. The disease was associated with Brazilian groundnut meal affected by Aspergillus flavus. The toxin was named Aspergillus flavus toxin-aflatoxin. From the point of view of agriculture, aflatoxins show the utmost importance. Until now, a total of 20 aflatoxins have been described, with B1, B2, G1, and G2 aflatoxins being the most significant. Contamination by aflatoxins is a global health problem. Aflatoxins pose acutely toxic, teratogenic, immunosuppressive, carcinogenic, and teratogenic effects. Besides food insecurity and human health, aflatoxins affect humanity at different levels, such as social, economical, and political. Great emphasis is placed on aflatoxin mitigation using biocontrol methods. Thus, this review is focused on aflatoxins in terms of historical development, the principal milestones of aflatoxin research, and recent data on their toxicity and different ways of mitigation.

• Klíčová slova
• aflatoxin, milestones, mitigation, toxicity, turkey “X“ disease,
• MeSH
• aflatoxiny * dějiny   toxicita   MeSH
• dějiny 20. století MeSH
• dějiny 21. století MeSH
• kontaminace potravin prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• dějiny 20. století MeSH
• dějiny 21. století MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• historické články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• aflatoxiny * MeSH

Sixty-seven pig feed samples were examined for the presence of aflatoxins by the method after Velasco, with simultaneous qualitative determination by the thin-layer chromatographic method. All samples were collected at about the same time (June 1977) from central stores, feed preparing plants, storage containers and feeding lines on farms. On the whole, the feeds formed a representative sample of the conditions of pig feed storage and treatment. The presence of aflatoxins was proved in 18 samples (26.8%). One sample (1.4%) showed just traces of aflatoxin, six samples (8.4%) contained 0.014 to 0.45 mg aflatoxins, eight samples (11.2%) contained 0.10 to 0.30 mg aflatoxins, and three samples (4.2%) had 2.7 to 3.5 mg aflatoxins per 1 kg of feed. The samples with the highest aflatoxin concentrations came from metallic storage containers for complete feed mixtures in front of the pigsties.

• MeSH
• aflatoxiny analýza   MeSH
• krmivo pro zvířata analýza   MeSH
• prasata * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• aflatoxiny MeSH

To investigate cheeses for the presence of aflatoxins we chose the very sensitive method of Tuinstra and Bronsgeest (1975) used for the determination of aflatoxin M1 in milk. The method was slightly modified and the presence of aflatoxins was determined in 54 samples of different cheeses. Aflatoxin M1 was found out in 24% of the investigated samples. Most of positive samples were found among the soft cheeses (53.8 3/4), then in processed cheeses (13.6%) and in hard cheeses (12.5%). Aflatoxin M1 was not found in the group of mouldy cheeses and Olomouc cake cheeses, which were investigated in a smaller range. Positive findings did not exceed concentrations of 10 ng per kg, i.e. they did not even reach the value of permissible concentration as proposed in the Czech Socialist Republic for foods (5 microgram per kg).

• MeSH
• aflatoxiny analýza   MeSH
• metody MeSH
• sýr analýza   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• aflatoxiny MeSH

Aflatoxins (AFs) are some of the most agriculturally important and harmful mycotoxins. At least 20 AFs have been identified to this date. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), the most potent fungal toxin, can cause toxicity in many species, including humans. AFs are produced by 22 species of Aspergillus section Flavi, 4 species of A. section Nidulantes, and 2 species of A. section Ochraceorosei. The most important and well-known AF-producing species of section Flavi are Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus, and A. nomius. AFs contaminate a wide range of crops (mainly groundnuts, pistachio nuts, dried figs, hazelnuts, spices, almonds, rice, melon seeds, Brazil nuts, and maize). Foods of animal origin (milk and animal tissues) are less likely contributors to human AF exposure. Despite the efforts to mitigate the AF concentrations in foods, and thus enhance food safety, AFs continue to be present, even at high levels. AFs thus remain a current and continuously pressing problem in the world.

• Klíčová slova
• aflatoxigenic microfungi, aflatoxins, food,
• MeSH
• dietární expozice * škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• hodnocení rizik MeSH
• houby metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• maso mikrobiologie   MeSH
• mléko mikrobiologie   MeSH
• mykotoxiny škodlivé účinky   analýza   MeSH
• potravinářská mikrobiologie * MeSH
• potravní řetězec MeSH
• zemědělské plodiny mikrobiologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• mykotoxiny MeSH

Aflatoxins are potent hepatocarcinogen in animal models and suspected carcinogen in humans. The most important aflatoxin in terms of toxic potency and occurrence is aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). In this review, we mainly summarized the key metabolizing enzymes of AFB1 in animals and humans. Moreover, the interindividual and the interspecies differences in AFB1 metabolism are highly concerned. In human liver, CYP3A4 plays an important role in biotransforming AFB1 to the toxic product AFB1-8,9-epoxide. In human lung, CYP2A13 has a significant activity in metabolizing AFB1 to AFB1-8,9-epoxide and AFM1-8,9-epoxide. The epoxide of AFB1-8,9-epoxide could conjugate with glutathione to reduce the toxicity by glutathione-S-transferase (GST). In poultry species, CYP2A6, CYP3A37, CYP1A5, and CYP1A1 are responsible for bioactivation of AFB1. There are interindividual variations in the rate of activation of aflatoxins in various species, and there are also differences between children and adults. The age and living regions are important factors affecting resistance of species to AFB1. The rate of AFB1-8,9-epoxide formation and its conjugation with glutathione are key parameters in interspecies and interindividual differences in sensitivity to the toxic effect of AFB1. This review provides an important information for key metabolizing enzymes and the global metabolism of aflatoxins in different species.

• MeSH
• aflatoxin B1 metabolismus   toxicita   MeSH
• druhová specificita MeSH
• endoplazmatické retikulum účinky léků   enzymologie   MeSH
• játra účinky léků   enzymologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• karcinogeny životního prostředí metabolismus   toxicita   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• metabolická inaktivace MeSH
• plíce účinky léků   enzymologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
• respirační sliznice účinky léků   enzymologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• střevní sliznice účinky léků   enzymologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• systém (enzymů) cytochromů P-450 genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• toxikokinetika MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• aflatoxin B1 MeSH
• karcinogeny životního prostředí MeSH
• systém (enzymů) cytochromů P-450 MeSH

Twelve pigs were subjected to model trials to study the effect of an aflatoxin-contaminated pig-fattening diet, administered for 26 days. Aflatoxin B1 constituted 55% of the aflatoxins tested. The aflatoxin concentrations used in the trials were 30 and 300 micrograms per 1 kg of feed. No clinical effect of aflatoxin was observed in the pigs. Aflatoxins were found to have adverse effects on proteosynthesis. A decrease in the weight gains of the pigs was accompanied by a decrease in the total plasma protein and, in the group with the higher aflatoxin dose (300 micrograms per 1 kg of feed), also by an increase in the total bilirubin concentration in the blood serum. Perilobular steatosis, dissociation of the liver trabeculae, and more pronounced activation of the reticuloendothelial system were demonstrated by the histological examination of liver tissue. An increase in the content of hydroxyproline was recorded in the muscle of the experimental pigs. It is documented by the results that the aflatoxin dose of 30 micrograms per 1 kg of feed (the recommended maximum admissible concentration for the Czech Socialist Republic) is high enough to reduce the performance of pigs and the biological value of their meat.

• MeSH
• aflatoxin B1 MeSH
• aflatoxiny farmakologie   MeSH
• maso analýza   MeSH
• prasata růst a vývoj   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• aflatoxin B1 MeSH
• aflatoxiny MeSH

The effect of fungicides on the production of aflatoxin by Aspergillus flavus IMI 89717, diacetoxyscirpenol and zearalenone by Fusarium graminearum was studied. In a yeast extract-sucrose medium, dicloran, iprodione and vinclozolin fungicides significantly inhibited mycelial growth of A. flavus at 250 ppm and significantly decreased aflatoxin production at 100, 250 and 500 ppm, respectively. In potato-dextrose broth, these fungicides diminished the mycelial growth of F. graminearum and production of diacetoxyscirpenol and zearalenone at 100 ppm. Sensitivity of toxigenic mycelia to fungicides increased approximately five-fold in a yeast extract-starch medium with an appreciable reduction in sugar uptake and alpha-amylase activity.

• MeSH
• aflatoxiny antagonisté a inhibitory   biosyntéza   MeSH
• alfa-amylasy metabolismus   MeSH
• aminoimidazolkarboxamid analogy a deriváty   farmakologie   MeSH
• aniliny farmakologie   MeSH
• Aspergillus flavus účinky léků   enzymologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• fungicidy průmyslové farmakologie   MeSH
• Fusarium účinky léků   enzymologie   MeSH
• hydantoiny * MeSH
• mykotoxiny antagonisté a inhibitory   biosyntéza   MeSH
• oxazoly farmakologie   MeSH
• trichotheceny antagonisté a inhibitory   biosyntéza   MeSH
• zearalenon antagonisté a inhibitory   biosyntéza   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• aflatoxiny MeSH
• alfa-amylasy MeSH
• aminoimidazolkarboxamid MeSH
• aniliny MeSH
• diacetoxyscirpenol MeSH Prohlížeč
• dicloran MeSH Prohlížeč
• fungicidy průmyslové MeSH
• hydantoiny * MeSH
• iprodione MeSH Prohlížeč
• mykotoxiny MeSH
• oxazoly MeSH
• trichotheceny MeSH
• vinclozolin MeSH Prohlížeč
• zearalenon MeSH