In this study, simple oil-in-water emulsions (O/W) and multiple O/W/O emulsions were employed as carriers for a curcumin delivery system. The stability of emulsions was evaluated using DSC (differential scanning calorimetry), accompanied by particle size measurement by DLS (dynamic light scattering) and rheological analysis. The amount of freezable water (Wfs) in O/W emulsion was determined to be 80.4%, while that in O/W/O emulsion was 23.7%. Multiple emulsions had a more complex structure than simple emulsions, being characterized by higher stability with predominant loss modulus over storage modulus (G" > G'). The mean surface diameter for O/W emulsion was 198.7 ± 9.8 nm, being approximately two times lower than that for multiple emulsions. Curcumin in vitro digestibility was observed for both emulsions and, additionally, the digestibility of fresh and dried curcuma root powders was investigated. Multiple emulsions were found to be a superior matrix for curcumin delivery, with higher stability and emulsion digestibility of 50.6% for the stomach and small intestine. In vitro digestion of dried curcuma powders and curcuma root samples was monitored by HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography). The DMD (dry matter digestibility) for dried curcuma powders ranged between 52.9% to 78.8%, and for fresh curcuma (KF) was 95.5%.

• Keywords
• curcuma root powders, curcumin, digestibility, emulsions, encapsulation, particle size, stability,
• MeSH
• Curcuma * chemistry   MeSH
• Emulsions chemistry   MeSH
• Curcumin * chemistry   administration & dosage   MeSH
• Drug Delivery Systems * MeSH
• Oils chemistry   MeSH
• Rheology MeSH
• Digestion MeSH
• Particle Size MeSH
• Water chemistry   MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Emulsions MeSH
• Curcumin * MeSH
• Oils MeSH
• Water MeSH

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: This study tested the influence of in vitro digestion on the release of organic acids and low molecular weight saccharides of matcha. METHODS: The concentrations of analytes in the raw and undigested portion of matcha were measured using HPLC with spectrometric and refractometric detection to establish their residual values after a two-step enzymatic digestion that was finally presented as a retention factor. RESULTS: It was established that dry matter digestibility values after simulated gastric and both gastric and intestinal phases were 67.3 and 85.9%, respectively. Native matcha, citric acid (44.8 mg/g), malic acid (32.2 mg/g), trehalose (36.1 mg/g), and L-arabinose (8.20 mg/g) reached the highest values and were predominant, whereas D-fructose, xylose, maltose, and saccharose were not detected. Regarding gastric phase digestion, succinic and malic acids, trehalose and D-glucose were the worst-releasing compounds and their remaining factors reached 34, 19, 18, and 50%, respectively, whereas L-arabinose was completely released. Focusing on gastric and small intestinal digestion, the least-releasing compounds of matcha tea leaves were succinic acid and trehalose, with their retention factors at 7 and 13%, which can proceed with the leaf matrix to the large intestine. CONCLUSIONS: Malic, oxalic, and citric acids, the carbohydrates D-glucose, L-arabinose, and L-rhamnose, are almost entirely released from matcha tea during digestion in the stomach and small intestine and can be available for absorption in the small intestine. In the measurement of oxalic acid, considering that the process of shading tea leaves increases the concentration of this acid and its retention factor value is too small, it would be appropriate in the future to evaluate the recommended maximum daily intake of matcha tea for people sensitive to the formation of urinal stones.

• Keywords
• Camellia sinensis, bioactive compound, foods, green tea, in vitro digestion, low molecular weight carbohydrate, matcha, organic acid,
• MeSH
• Tea * chemistry   MeSH
• Citric Acid MeSH
• Plant Leaves chemistry   MeSH
• Malates MeSH
• Molecular Weight * MeSH
• Carbohydrates chemistry   MeSH
• Digestion * MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Tea * MeSH
• Citric Acid MeSH
• Malates MeSH
• malic acid MeSH Browser
• Carbohydrates MeSH

This thorough study analyses the amounts of 43 minerals and trace elements in non-traditional wheat grains, flakes, and undigested flake portions using ICP-MS and establishes declines in their respective contents after the flake production. It also identifies appropriate dietary intakes, in vitro digestibility values, retention factors, and metal pollution indexes. The element contents in wheat flakes are lower than in wheat grains after the hydrothermal treatment process, and their declines are: Na (48-72%), Ce (47-72%), Sr (43-55%), Tl (33-43%), Ti (32-41%), U (31-44%), Ho (29-69%), Cr (26-64%), Zr (26-58%), Ag (25-52%), and Ca (25-46%). The flakes significantly contributed to the recommended dietary intake or adequate intake of particular elements for men of all categories as follows: Mn (143%) > Mo > Cu > Mg ≥ Cr > Fe (16%); for women: Mn (up to 183%) > Mo > Cu > Cr ≥ Mg > Fe (7-16%); for pregnant women aged 19-30: Mn (165%) > Mo > Cu > Mg > Cr (25%); and finally, for lactating women: Mn (127%) > Mo > Cu > Mg > Cr (17%). The contributions to the provisional tolerable weekly or monthly intakes of all toxic elements were established as being within the official limits. The daily intakes for non-essential elements were also calculated. The retention factors were calculated to assess the element concentrations in the undigested part using the digestibility values (87.4-90.5%). The highest retention factors were obtained for V (63-92%), Y (57-96%), Ce (43-76%), Pb (34-58%), Tl (32-70%), Ta (31-66%), and Ge (30-49%). K, Mg, P, Zn, Ba, Bi, Ga, Sb, Cu, Ni, and As appear to be released easily from flake matrices during digestion. The metal pollution index has been confirmed as being lower for non-traditional wheat flakes when compared with grains. Importantly, 15-25% of the metal pollution index assessed for native flakes remains in the undigested flake portion after in vitro digestion.

• Keywords
• dietary intake evaluation, disease prevention, essential trace element, in vitro digestion, life stage group, metal pollution index, mineral, retention factor, toxic trace element, wheat flake,
• MeSH
• Metals analysis   MeSH
• Lactation MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Minerals analysis   MeSH
• Eating MeSH
• Triticum MeSH
• Trace Elements * analysis   MeSH
• Pregnancy MeSH
• Digestion MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Pregnancy MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Metals MeSH
• Minerals MeSH
• Trace Elements * MeSH