BACKGROUND: Temporal interference stimulation (TIS) is a novel noninvasive electrical stimulation technique to focally modulate deep brain regions; a minimum of two high-frequency signals (f1 and f2 > 1 kHz) interfere to create an envelope-modulated signal at a deep brain target with the frequency of modulation equal to the difference frequency: Δf = |f2 - f1|. OBJECTIVE: The goals of this study were to verify the capability of TIS to modulate the subthalamic nucleus (STN) with Δf and to compare the effect of TIS and conventional deep brain stimulation (DBS) on the STN beta oscillations in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). METHODS: DBS leads remained externalized after implantation, allowing local field potentials (LFPs) recordings in eight patients with PD. TIS was performed initially by two pairs (f1 = 9.00 kHz; f2 = 9.13 kHz, 4 mA peak-peak per pair maximum) of scalp electrodes placed in temporoparietal regions to focus the envelope signal maximum (Δf = 130 Hz) at the motor part of the STN target. RESULTS: The comparison between the baseline LFPs and recordings after TIS and conventional DBS sessions showed substantial suppression of high beta power peak after both types of stimulation in all patients. CONCLUSIONS: TIS has the potential to effectively modulate the STN and reduce the beta oscillatory activity in a completely noninvasive manner, as is traditionally possible only with intracranial DBS. Future studies should confirm the clinical effectiveness of TIS and determine whether TIS could be used to identify optimal DBS candidates and individualize DBS targets. © 2025 The Author(s). Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

• Klíčová slova
• Parkinson's disease, beta power, deep brain stimulation, local field potentials, subthalamic nucleus, temporal interference stimulation,
• MeSH
• beta rytmus EEG * fyziologie   MeSH
• hluboká mozková stimulace * metody   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nucleus subthalamicus * patofyziologie   MeSH
• Parkinsonova nemoc * terapie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• MeSH
• Alzheimerova nemoc * terapie   MeSH
• kognitivní dysfunkce * terapie   etiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• přímá transkraniální stimulace mozku metody   MeSH
• transkraniální magnetická stimulace metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• zprávy MeSH

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) via implanted electrodes is used worldwide to treat patients with severe neurological and psychiatric disorders. However, its invasiveness precludes widespread clinical use and deployment in research. Temporal interference (TI) is a strategy for non-invasive steerable DBS using multiple kHz-range electric fields with a difference frequency within the range of neural activity. Here we report the validation of the non-invasive DBS concept in humans. We used electric field modeling and measurements in a human cadaver to verify that the locus of the transcranial TI stimulation can be steerably focused in the hippocampus with minimal exposure to the overlying cortex. We then used functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioral experiments to show that TI stimulation can focally modulate hippocampal activity and enhance the accuracy of episodic memories in healthy humans. Our results demonstrate targeted, non-invasive electrical stimulation of deep structures in the human brain.

• MeSH
• elektrická stimulace MeSH
• hipokampus fyziologie   MeSH
• hluboká mozková stimulace * metody   MeSH
• implantované elektrody MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mozek * fyziologie   MeSH
• mozková kůra MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH