High diffraction efficiency optical transmission gratings with quasi-sinusoidal and saw-tooth surface relief profiles were fabricated in Bi12GeO20, Er: LiNbO3 and Er: Fe: LiNbO3 crystals by ion beam implantation. The gratings were directly written by nitrogen ion microbeams at energies of 5 MeV and 10.5 MeV. The finest grating constant was 4 μm. Grating constants for the majority of the gratings were 16 μm. The highest amplitudes of the gratings reached 1600 nm. The highest first-order diffraction efficiency obtained in a sinusoidal grating was 25%, close to the theoretical maximum of 33%. The highest first-order diffraction efficiency of a blazed grating was also 25%, without Littrow optimization. Such gratings can be incorporated into integrated optical biosensors.
- Klíčová slova
- blazed grating, grayscale lithography, ion beam irradiation, ion microbeam, sinusoidal grating, surface relief, transmission optical grating,
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
This article focuses on the integration of the Internet of Things (IoT) and the Internet of Robotic Things, representing a dynamic research area with significant potential for industrial applications. The Internet of Robotic Things (IoRT) integrates IoT technologies into robotic systems, enhancing their efficiency and autonomy. The article provides an overview of the technologies used in IoRT, including hardware components, communication technologies, and cloud services. It also explores IoRT applications in industries such as healthcare, agriculture, and more. The article discusses challenges and future research directions, including data security, energy efficiency, and ethical issues. The goal is to raise awareness of the importance of IoRT and demonstrate how this technology can bring significant benefits across various sectors.
- Klíčová slova
- IoRT, cloud-based, industrial applications, industry 4.0, industry 5.0, robot, robotic things, smart factories,
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Human nails have recently become a sample of interest for toxicological purposes. Multiple studies have proven the ability to detect various analytes within the keratin matrix of the nail. The analyte of interest in this study is fentanyl, a highly dangerous and abused drug in recent decades. In this proof-of-concept study, ATR-FTIR was combined with machine learning methods, which are effective in detecting and differentiating fentanyl in samples, to explore whether nail samples are distinguishable from individuals who have used fentanyl and those who have not. PLS-DA and SVM-DA prediction models were created for this study and had an overall accuracy rate of 84.8% and 81.4%, respectively. Notably, when classification was considered at the donor level-i.e., determining whether the donor of the nail sample was using fentanyl-all donors were correctly classified. These results show that ATR-FTIR spectroscopy in combination with machine learning can effectively differentiate donors who have used fentanyl and those who have not and that human nails are a viable sample matrix for toxicology.
- Klíčová slova
- ATR–FTIR, PLS-DA, SVM-DA, fentanyl, fingernails, machine learning, toenails,
- MeSH
- fentanyl * analýza MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nehty * chemie MeSH
- spektroskopie infračervená s Fourierovou transformací metody MeSH
- strojové učení * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- fentanyl * MeSH
This article presents the fundamental principles of robot accuracy. It characterizes a modular robot, describes the measurement setup, and outlines the methodology for evaluating positioning accuracy across different configurations of the modular robot (four, five, and six modules) under varying loads of 6, 10, and 16 kg. An analysis was conducted on the impact of load changes on four- and five-module configurations, as well as the effect of configuration changes on the robot's performance with 6 and 10 kg loads. The findings indicate that both the number of modules and the load affect positioning accuracy. This article highlights the importance of selecting the optimal configuration based on planned industrial tasks to ensure the highest precision and operational efficiency.
- Klíčová slova
- industrial robot, modular robot, robot accuracy, robot configuration,
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The ASPECT-BET project, or An sdd-SPECTrometer for BETa decay studies, aims to develop a novel technique for the precise measurement of forbidden beta spectra in the 10 keV-1 MeV range. This technique employs a Silicon Drift Detector (SDD) as the main spectrometer with the option of a veto system to reject events exhibiting only partial energy deposition in the SDD. A precise understanding of the spectrometer's response to electrons is crucial for accurately reconstructing the theoretical shape of the beta spectrum. To compute this response, GEANT4 simulations optimized for low-energy electron interactions are used and validated with a custom-made electron gun. In this article we present the performance of these simulations in reconstructing the electron spectra measured with SDDs of a 109Cd monochromatic source, both in vacuum and in air. The allowed beta spectrum of a 14C source was also measured and analyzed, proving that this system is suitable for the application in ASPECT-BET.
- Klíčová slova
- GEANT4 simulations, silicon drift detectors, β spectra,
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
This article presents a laboratory device by which the course of two signals can be detected using two types of sensors-strain gauges and the DEWESoft DS-NET measuring apparatus. The values of the coefficient of friction of the brake lining when moving against the rotating shell of the brake drum were determined from the physical quantities sensed by tensometric sensors and transformed into electrical quantities. The friction coefficient of the brake lining on the circumference of the rotating brake disc shell can be calculated from the known values measured by the sensors, the design dimensions of the brake, and the revolutions of the rotating parts system. The values of the friction coefficient were measured during brake lining movement. A woven asbestos-free material, Beral 1126, which contained brass fibers and resin additives, showed slightly higher values when rotating at previously tested speeds compared to the friction coefficient values obtained when the brake drum rotation was uniformly delayed. The methodology for determining the friction coefficient of the brake lining allowed the laboratory device to verify its magnitude for different friction materials under various operating conditions.
- Klíčová slova
- force sensor, friction coefficient, laboratory device, shoe brake, torque sensor,
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Ambient dose rate surveying has the objective, in most cases, to quantify terrestrial radiation levels. This is true in particular for Citizen Monitoring projects. Readings of detectors, which do not provide spectrally resolved information, such as G-M counters, are the sum of contributions from different sources, including cosmic radiation. To estimate the terrestrial component, one has to subtract the remaining ones. In this paper, we investigate the cosmic response of two particular monitors, the bGeigie Nano, which has been used extensively in the Safecast Citizen Monitoring project, and its upgraded version, the new CzechRad, which uses the same G-M detector, and show how the local contribution of cosmic radiation can be estimated.
- Klíčová slova
- CzechRad, G-M detector, bGeigie Nano, secondary cosmic radiation,
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
As part of our research for microcontroller software support, we have developed a modular framework that utilizes previously unimplemented architectural principles for developing applications on microcontrollers. These principles are still a privilege of enterprise and server applications. The paper describes the benefits of a new architectural approach to developing applications on microcontrollers and describes the most common application scenarios along with examples of IoT application development using a framework with design pattern architecture and SOLID principles. As a result, our framework supports developers in creating robust, adaptive, and scalable applications. It emphasizes a modular and clean design that increases development efficiency and enables easy deployment of new features or integration of new technologies, such as new types of sensors, upgraded development boards, or improved development tools and frameworks. The architectural concepts offered useful guidance for creating applications ready for future challenges and changing technology environments, especially in the IoT area.
- Klíčová slova
- ESP32, IoT, SOLID, design pattern, framework, microcontroller, programming, sensor,
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
We propose a new commercial laser triangulation sensor modification to enable the measurement of slots or bores side distance. The study showed the possibility of extending the sensor depth range for a slot or bore side distance measurement using a bypass of the illumination laser beam compared to a simple single mirror attachment to the sensor probe. We derived relations allowing for evaluation of the modified sensor side measurement range in desired depth based on the sensor parameters and the reflective mirror size and position. We demonstrated the functionality of the proposed measurement arrangement with an attachment to the commercial laser triangulation sensor and assessed the side-wall distance measurement. The results show the correct measurement depth and range prediction and the ability to perform side surface distance measurements at depths of more than 3.5 times the slot size.
- Klíčová slova
- aspect ratio, bore, distance measurement, edge, laser triangulation, mirror, slot,
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
As the need to monitor agriculture parameters intensifies, the development of new sensor nodes for data collection is crucial. These sensor types naturally require power for operation, but conventional battery-based power solutions have certain limitations. This study investigates the potential of harnessing the natural temperature gradient between soil and air to power wireless sensor nodes deployed in environments such as agricultural areas or remote off-grid locations where the use of batteries as a power source is impractical. We evaluated existing devices that exploit similar energy sources and applied the results to develop a state-of-the-art device for extensive testing over a 12-month period. Our main objective was to precisely measure the temperature on a thermoelectric generator (TEG) (a Peltier cell, in particular) and assess the device's energy yield. The device harvested 7852.2 J of electrical energy during the testing period. The experiment highlights the viability of using environmental temperature differences to power wireless sensor nodes in off-grid and battery-constrained applications. The results indicate significant potential for the device as a sustainable energy solution in agricultural monitoring scenarios.
- Klíčová slova
- IoT, energy harvesting, environmental monitoring, smart agriculture, temperature measurement, thermoelectric generator,
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
