ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Different plants are used for the treatment of various ailments and Acorus calamus L. is one such plant found in Western Himalaya. Rhizome of this plants has ethnomedicinal significance, as its rhizome is used for curing fever, pain and inflammation. An attempt has been made to alter the phytochemicals and increase its antioxidant property in a sustainable way with the help of mycorrhizal inoculation. AIM OF THE STUDY: Study of mycorrhizal (Funneliformis mosseae) impact on the biological activities and phytochemical profile of A. calamus L. rhizome and in silico studies of phytochemicals for their anti-inflammatory property. MATERIALS AND METHODS: F. mosseae was mass multiplied by single spore culture and then A. calamus rhizomes were inoculated with it. Antioxidant potential of rhizome extract was observed by DPPH and FRAP assays and the phytochemical profiling was done with GC-MS analysis. For observing antimicrobial activity disc diffusion method was employed. Dominant phytochemicals α-asarone and monolinolein TMS were chosen for molecular docking studies against four receptors (4COX, 2AZ5, 5I1B, 1ALU). RESULTS: There was increase in antioxidant activity of rhizome extract after mycorrhizal inoculation. However, no change in antimicrobial activity was observed in the plant after mycorrhizal inoculation. The comparison in phytochemicals was observed by GC-MS analysis which showed qualitative and quantitative variation in biochemical content in plants. The phytochemical, α-asarone and monolinolein TMS showed highest docking score and least binding energy against 1ALU and 4COX respectively for anti-inflammatory activity. CONCLUSION: Medicinal plants are potential source of antioxidants which can be increased by mycorrhizal inoculation without addition of chemical fertilizers and also results in altering the phytochemical composition.

• Klíčová slova
• AMF, Antimicrobial activity, Antioxidant potential, GC-MS analysis, Western himalaya,
• MeSH
• antiflogistika izolace a purifikace   farmakologie   MeSH
• antiinfekční látky izolace a purifikace   farmakologie   MeSH
• antioxidancia izolace a purifikace   farmakologie   MeSH
• diskové difúzní antimikrobiální testy MeSH
• fytonutrienty izolace a purifikace   farmakologie   MeSH
• houby fyziologie   MeSH
• mykorhiza fyziologie   MeSH
• oddenek MeSH
• plynová chromatografie s hmotnostně spektrometrickou detekcí MeSH
• počítačová simulace MeSH
• puškvorec chemie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• rostlinné extrakty farmakologie   MeSH
• simulace molekulového dockingu MeSH
• tradiční lékařství MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Indie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antiflogistika MeSH
• antiinfekční látky MeSH
• antioxidancia MeSH
• fytonutrienty MeSH
• rostlinné extrakty MeSH

Besides natural and acquired mechanisms of resistance, bacteria can cope with presence of antibiotics by using complex mechanisms such as persistence or tolerance. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the suitability of newly developed Tolerance Disk Test (TDtest) (Gefen et al., 2017) to detect persistent or tolerant bacterial cells in clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. The principle of the test is to resuscitate the subpopulation of persistent or tolerant bacterial cells following a disk diffusion test by glucose. Results of the TDtest were evaluated using time killing experiments for three pairs of consecutive S. aureus isolates from lower respiratory airway samples of three cystic fibrosis patients with chronic staphylococcal infections. TDtest enabled semi-quantitative detection of persistent or tolerant bacterial populations in all analyzed isolates for oxacillin, vancomycin, and ciprofloxacin to which isolates studied were susceptible. Therefore, TDtest is a promising method for rapidly determining persistence/tolerance in clinical isolates of S. aureus.

• Klíčová slova
• Evaluation, Persistence, Staphylococcus aureus, TD test, Tolerance,
• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• cystická fibróza mikrobiologie   MeSH
• diskové difúzní antimikrobiální testy metody   MeSH
• glukosa metabolismus   MeSH
• infekce dýchací soustavy mikrobiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• stafylokokové infekce mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Staphylococcus aureus účinky léků   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• hodnotící studie MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antibakteriální látky MeSH
• glukosa MeSH

Mucormycosis is a rare fungal infection in immunocompetent patients, whereas in immunocompromised, it may be systemic and disseminated infection associated with high mortality. Mucormycosis is one of the most rapidly progressing and fulminant forms of fungal infections; Mucor circinelloides is rarely isolated species, also from immunocompromised patients. The reported case of mucormycosis after a traffic accident indicates that it may be the result of a contamination of wound by M. circinelloides coming from the environment. The fungal strain was identified by phenotypic methods and confirmed by molecular methods. Etest method was used for susceptibility testing of the fungal strain. No mycotoxins were detected in the analyzed sample. The infection was successfully treated with amphotericin B, but amputation of the lower limb was necessary.

• MeSH
• amputace MeSH
• antifungální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• diskové difúzní antimikrobiální testy MeSH
• dolní končetina patologie   MeSH
• dopravní nehody * MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Mucor genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• mukormykóza diagnóza   etiologie   MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• kazuistiky MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antifungální látky MeSH

INTRODUCTION: Enteric-fever is a major public-health problem in developing countries emerging as multidrug-resistant, Nalidixic-acid resistant and extremely drug-resistant Salmonella (Pakistan, 2016), has intensified the use of WHO watch/reserve group antimicrobials such as azithromycin and meropenem. METHODS: This ambispective-study was conducted on 782 non-repeat blood-culture isolates of S. Typhi, S. Paratyphi A and S. Paratyphi B obtained from 29,184 blood cultures received at a 1000-bedded tertiary-care hospital of North-India from 2011-2017. Identification and antibiograms were obtained by Vitek-2 compact and Kirby-Bauer's disc diffusion with resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol and cotrimoxazole being labeled as multidrug-resistant. Decreased ciprofloxacin-susceptibility and ciprofloxacin-resistance were defined as MIC 0.125-0.5 and >1 μg/ml. RESULTS: S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi A in a ratio of 3.9:1 were seen between July-September predominantly distributed between 6-45 year age group. Resistance to co-trimoxazole, chloramphenicol, ceftriaxone and azithromycin was 6.1%, 13.8%, 16.1 and 5.78% respectively. Multidrug-resistant S. typhi and S. paratyphi A were 2.73% and 1.91% respectively. CONCLUSION: Enteric-fever is a major public-health problem in India. Emergence of multidrug-resistant, Nalidixic-acid resistant and extremely-drug resistant Salmonella mandates ongoing surveillance for targeted empirical therapy and containment of spread. Repeated epidemics call for water, sanitation, hygiene and vaccination strategies to sustain herd-immunity.

• Klíčová slova
• antimicrobial resistance, enteric fever, multidrug-resistant Salmonella,
• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky terapeutické užití   MeSH
• bakteriální léková rezistence MeSH
• břišní tyfus farmakoterapie   epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• centra terciární péče MeSH
• diskové difúzní antimikrobiální testy MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• Salmonella paratyphi A izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• Salmonella paratyphi B izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• Salmonella typhi izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Indie epidemiologie   MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antibakteriální látky MeSH

Escherichia coli can cause serious infections in the neonates and pregnant women. Although E. coli is widely studied, E. coli lactose-negative (lac-) strains have been rarely described before. So, the aim of this study was to compare lac- and lactose-positive (lac+) E. coli strains in respect of antimicrobial susceptibility and the frequency of virulence genes (VGs). The study included 58 lac+ and 58 lac- E. coli strains isolated from pregnant women and neonates. Culture and the results of biochemical reactions were conducted for lac- and lac+ E. coli identification and differentiation. Disc diffusion test was performed to study the antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates, and PCR was used to detect VGs. Resistance to at least one of the tested antibiotics was found among 14 (25.9%) E. coli lac+ and in 26 (44.9%) E. coli lac- strains. Both lac+ and lac- E. coli strains were mostly resistant to ampicillin (22.4 and 39.7%) and ticarcillin (20.7 and 39.7%). None of the tested strains produced extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs). Genes fimH, fimA, iutA, sfa/foc, neuC, ibeA, and hlyF were detected, respectively, in 96.6, 82.8, 32.8, 24.1, 22.4, 12.1, and 6.9% of lac+ E. coli strains and in 94.8, 86.2, 48.3, 19.0, 8.6, 8.6, and 1.7% of lac- strains. The antimicrobial susceptibility and the pathogenic potential of both tested groups of E. coli strains are similar. Therefore, omitting E. coli lac- strains as a potential etiological agent of infections may pose a threat to the health and life of both mothers and neonates.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• bakteriální léková rezistence MeSH
• diskové difúzní antimikrobiální testy MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• Escherichia coli účinky léků   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• faktory virulence analýza   genetika   MeSH
• infekce vyvolané Escherichia coli mikrobiologie   MeSH
• infekční komplikace v těhotenství mikrobiologie   MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• laktosa metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• polymerázová řetězová reakce MeSH
• techniky typizace bakterií MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antibakteriální látky MeSH
• faktory virulence MeSH
• laktosa MeSH

In 2011-2012, a survey was performed in three regional hospitals in the Czech Republic to determine the incidence of Clostridium difficile infections (CDIs) and to characterize bacterial isolates. C. difficile isolates were characterized by PCR ribotyping, toxin genes detection, multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA), and antimicrobial susceptibility testing to fidaxomicin, vancomycin, metronidazole, clindamycin, LFF571, and moxifloxacin using agar dilution method. The incidence of CDI in three studied hospitals was 145, 146, and 24 cases per 100,000 inhabitants in 2011 and 177, 258, and 67 cases per 100,000 inhabitants in 2012. A total of 64 isolates of C. difficile was available for molecular typing and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. 60.9% of the isolates were classified as ribotype 176. All 41 isolates of ribotypes 176 and 078 were positive for the presence of binary toxin genes. Ribotype 176 also carried 18-bp deletion in the regulatory gene tcdC. Tested isolates of C. difficile were fully susceptible to vancomycin and metronidazole, whereas 65.1% of the isolates were resistant to moxifloxacin. MLVA results indicated that isolates from three different hospitals were genetically related, suggesting transmission between healthcare facilities.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• bakteriální toxiny analýza   genetika   MeSH
• Clostridioides difficile klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• diskové difúzní antimikrobiální testy MeSH
• incidence MeSH
• klostridiové infekce epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• minisatelitní repetice MeSH
• molekulární typizace * MeSH
• nemocnice MeSH
• ribotypizace MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antibakteriální látky MeSH
• bakteriální toxiny MeSH

OBJECTIVES: Arcobacter spp. are considered to be potential foodborne pathogens, and consumption of contaminated food containing these bacteria could endanger human and animal health. Arcobacter butzleri and Arcobacter cryaerophilus are the species most frequently isolated from food of animal origin and from other samples. The aim of this study was to evaluate the susceptibility of arcobacters isolated in the Czech Republic. No information about antibiotic susceptibility and multidrug resistance of arcobacters isolated in the Czech Republic is available in the literature before now. METHODS: The antimicrobial resistance of A. butzleri (n=80) and A. cryaerophilus (n=20) isolated from meat of animal origin, water sources and clinical samples was examined by the disk diffusion method. RESULTS: Arcobacters were resistant to one or more antimicrobial agents in 99% (99/100) of tested isolates. Most of the Arcobacter isolates were resistant to β-lactam antibiotics, i.e. ampicillin (81.0%), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (28.0%), cefalotin (73.0%) and aztreonam (93.0%). Arcobacters were also frequently resistant to lincosamides, i.e. clindamycin (98.0%). Of the aminoglycosides, amikacin, gentamicin and tobramycin were evaluated to be the most effective antibiotics among those tested against arcobacters. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate substantial resistance in Arcobacter isolates to 18 antimicrobial agents commonly used in medical and veterinary medicine. Multidrug resistance was found in 93.8% (75/80) of A. butzleri isolates and 70.0% (14/20) of A. cryaerophilus isolates.

• Klíčová slova
• Antibiogram, Antibiotic, Antimicrobial susceptibility testing, Arcobacter spp., Susceptibility,
• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• Arcobacter účinky léků   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• diskové difúzní antimikrobiální testy MeSH
• gramnegativní bakteriální infekce mikrobiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrobiologie vody * MeSH
• mnohočetná bakteriální léková rezistence * MeSH
• potravinářská mikrobiologie * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antibakteriální látky MeSH

A total of 2,683 nonrepetitive Escherichia coli isolates were collected from microbiological laboratories covering all regions of the Czech Republic, during April 2011. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of E. coli were assessed. All 38 cefotaxime-resistant (CTX-R) isolates were found to be extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-positive by the double-disc synergy test. Thirty-two of those isolates produced enzymes of CTX-M-1 family, five of CTX-M-9 family, and one isolate both CTX-M types. Genotyping by multilocus sequence typing classified all ESBL-producing isolates into 13 sequence types (STs). ST131 was the most prevalent and was exclusively correlated with E. coli belonging to the more-virulent phylogroup B2. blaCTX-M-15 and blaCTX-M-9-like genes were mainly carried by plasmids belonging to the IncF group, while replicon I1 was predominant among CTX-M-1-encoding plasmids. Additionally, 63% of the ESBL-producing isolates were also resistant to ciprofloxacin. Sequence analysis of quinolone resistance-determining regions of gyrA and parC revealed the presence of amino acid substitutions in 22 out of 23 ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates. The acc(6')-Ib-cr and qnrB1 plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes were also detected in some of the isolates. This is the first report on the emergence and spread of CTX-M-producing E. coli in the community of the Czech Republic, indicating the high prevalence of ST131 clone among CTX-M producers.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• bakteriální geny MeSH
• beta-laktamasy genetika   MeSH
• buněčné klony MeSH
• diskové difúzní antimikrobiální testy MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• DNA bakterií genetika   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• Escherichia coli účinky léků   enzymologie   genetika   izolace a purifikace   patogenita   MeSH
• fluorochinolony farmakologie   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• infekce vyvolané Escherichia coli epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• infekce získané v komunitě epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• konjugace genetická MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mnohočetná bakteriální léková rezistence genetika   MeSH
• multilokusová sekvenční typizace MeSH
• plazmidy genetika   MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• proteiny z Escherichia coli genetika   MeSH
• pulzní gelová elektroforéza MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• virulence genetika   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antibakteriální látky MeSH
• beta-lactamase CTX-M, E coli MeSH Prohlížeč
• beta-laktamasy MeSH
• DNA bakterií MeSH
• fluorochinolony MeSH
• proteiny z Escherichia coli MeSH

Strategies are sought to reduce intestinal colonisation of food-producing animals by Campylobacter jejuni, a leading bacterial cause of human foodborne illness worldwide. Presently, we tested the antimicrobial activity of hydrolysable-rich blackberry, cranberry and chestnut tannin extracts and condensed tannin-rich mimosa, quebracho and sorghum tannins (each at 100 mg/mL) against C. jejuni via disc diffusion assay in the presence of supplemental casamino acids. We found that when compared to non-tannin-treated controls, all tested tannins inhibited the growth of C. jejuni and that inhibition by the condensed tannin-rich mimosa and quebracho extracts was mitigated in nutrient-limited medium supplemented with casamino acids. When tested in broth culture, both chestnut and mimosa extracts inhibited growth of C. jejuni and this inhibition was much greater in nutrient-limited than in full-strength medium. Consistent with observations from the disc diffusion assay, the inhibitory activity of the condensed tannin-rich mimosa extracts but not the hydrolysable tannin-rich chestnut extracts was mitigated by casamino acid supplementation to the nutrient-limited medium, likely because the added amino acids saturated the binding potential of the condensed tannins. These results demonstrate the antimicrobial activity of various hydrolysable and condensed tannin-rich extracts against C. jejuni and reveal that condensed tannins may be less efficient than hydrolysable tannins in controlling C. jejuni in gut environments containing high concentrations of amino acids and soluble proteins.

• MeSH
• Aesculus chemie   MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• Campylobacter jejuni účinky léků   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• diskové difúzní antimikrobiální testy MeSH
• hydrolyzovatelné taniny farmakologie   MeSH
• kampylobakterové infekce mikrobiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• proantokyanidiny farmakologie   MeSH
• Rosaceae chemie   MeSH
• rostlinné extrakty farmakologie   MeSH
• Vaccinium macrocarpon chemie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antibakteriální látky MeSH
• hydrolyzovatelné taniny MeSH
• proantokyanidiny MeSH
• rostlinné extrakty MeSH

The distribution for voriconazole and fluconazole susceptibility was determined by Etest and disk diffusion test in 143 clinical isolates. The majority of the strains of Aspergillus spp., Candida krusei, C. inconspicua, C norvegensis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae displayed resistance or decreased susceptibility to fluconazole in contrast to voriconazole. The absolute categorical agreement for voriconazole and fluconazole susceptibility results by the disk method and Etest was 90.5 and 74.8 % respectively. The error rate bounding analysis showed only 0.7 % of false susceptible results ( very major error) with voriconazole, but 2.8 % with fluconazole. Fluconazole can be used as a surrogate factor to predict voriconazole susceptibility but with lower reliability for susceptible-dose dependent and resistance category, especially in Candida glabrata isolates. The results of the disk method were not substantially influenced by the composition of media (Mueller-Hinton agar vs antimycotic Sensitivity Test agar), even if with the latter the results had fewer tendencies to produce false susceptibility of C.glabrata isolates to both of the triazole drugs. Disk test as well as Etest were shown to represent suitable methods for routine evaluation of susceptibility of clinical isolates of pathogenic fungi, including aspergilli, to fluconazole and voriconazole.

• MeSH
• antifungální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• diskové difúzní antimikrobiální testy metody   MeSH
• flukonazol farmakologie   MeSH
• fungální léková rezistence MeSH
• houby účinky léků   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• kultivační média chemie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• mykózy farmakoterapie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• pyrimidiny farmakologie   MeSH
• triazoly farmakologie   MeSH
• vorikonazol MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antifungální látky MeSH
• flukonazol MeSH
• kultivační média MeSH
• pyrimidiny MeSH
• triazoly MeSH
• vorikonazol MeSH