The global pandemic of SARS-CoV-2 has highlighted the necessity for innovative therapeutic solutions. This research presents a new formulation utilising the metal-organic framework MIL-101(Al)-NH2, which is loaded with hypericin, aimed at addressing viral and bacterial challenges. Hypericin, recognised for its antiviral and antibacterial efficacy, was encapsulated to mitigate its hydrophobicity, improve bioavailability, and utilise its photodynamic characteristics. The MIL-101(Al)-NH2 Hyp complex was synthesised, characterised, and evaluated for its biological applications for the first time. The main objective of this study was to demonstrate the multimodal potential of such a construct, in particular the effect on SARS-CoV-2 protein levels and its interaction with cells. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated the effective transport of hypericin to cells that express ACE2 receptors, thereby mimicking mechanisms of viral entry. In addition, hypericin found in the mitochondria showed selective phototoxicity when activated by light, leading to a decrease in the metabolic activity of glioblastoma cells. Importantly, the complex also showed antibacterial efficacy by selectively targeting Gram-positive Staphylococcus epidermidis compared to Gram-negative Escherichia coli under photodynamic therapy (PDT) conditions. To our knowledge, this study was the first to demonstrate the interaction between hypericin, MIL-101(Al)-NH2 and the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, which inhibits cellular uptake and colocalises with ACE2-expressing cells. Therefore, the dual functionality of the complex - targeting the viral RBD and the antibacterial effect via PDT - emphasises its potential to mitigate complications of viral infections, such as secondary bacterial infections. In summary, these results suggest that MIL-101(Al)-NH2 Hyp is a promising multifunctional therapeutic agent for antiviral and antibacterial applications, potentially contributing to the improvement of COVID-19 treatment protocols and the treatment of co-infections.

• Klíčová slova
• ACE2 receptors, Hypericin, MIL-101(Al)–NH(2), Photodynamic therapy, RBD spike protein, Selectivity,
• MeSH
• anthraceny MeSH
• antibakteriální látky * farmakologie   chemie   MeSH
• antivirové látky * farmakologie   chemie   MeSH
• COVID-19 virologie   MeSH
• farmakoterapie COVID-19 * MeSH
• fotochemoterapie MeSH
• fotosenzibilizující látky farmakologie   chemie   MeSH
• glykoprotein S, koronavirus * metabolismus   chemie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• perylen * analogy a deriváty   farmakologie   chemie   MeSH
• porézní koordinační polymery * farmakologie   chemie   MeSH
• SARS-CoV-2 * účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• Vero buňky MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• anthraceny MeSH
• antibakteriální látky * MeSH
• antivirové látky * MeSH
• fotosenzibilizující látky MeSH
• glykoprotein S, koronavirus * MeSH
• hypericin MeSH Prohlížeč
• MIL-101 MeSH Prohlížeč
• perylen * MeSH
• porézní koordinační polymery * MeSH
• spike protein, SARS-CoV-2 MeSH Prohlížeč

BACKGROUND: The longitudinal study was conducted over the initial 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, spanning from June 2020 to December 2022, in healthcare workers (HCWs) of the Thomayer University Hospital. A total of 3892 blood samples were collected and analyzed for total nucleocapsid (N) antibodies. The aim of the study was to evaluate the dynamics of N antibodies, their relationship to the PCR test, spike (S) antibodies, interferon-gamma, and prediction of reinfection with SARS-CoV-2. METHODS: Blood collections were performed in three rounds, along with questionnaires addressing clinical symptoms of past infection, PCR testing, and vaccination. Antibody measurements included total N antibodies (Roche Diagnostics) and postvaccination S antibodies (Euroimmun). Cellular immunity was tested by interferon-gamma release assay (Euroimmun). RESULTS: At the end of the study, 35.9% of HCWs were positive for N antibodies, and 39.5% of HCWs had either known PCR positivity or N antibodies or both. Ten percent of participants had no knowledge of a COVID-19 infection and 35% of positive individuals exhibited no symptoms. The values of positive antibodies decrease over a period of 6 months to 1 year, depending on the initial value, and their dynamics are highly variable. The study also demonstrated that the highest levels of spike antibodies and interferon-gamma occur during so-called hybrid immunity. CONCLUSION: Nucleocapsid antibodies proved valuable in monitoring SARS-CoV-2 infection dynamics, and they may detect cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection missed by PCR tests. The study identified distinct patterns in antibody dynamics and protection of hybrid immunity during reinfection.

• Klíčová slova
• COVID‐19, IGRA, SARS‐CoV‐2, hybrid immunity, nucleocapsid antibodies, serological marker, spike antibodies,
• MeSH
• biologické markery krev   MeSH
• COVID-19 * imunologie   krev   diagnóza   epidemiologie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• fosfoproteiny MeSH
• glykoprotein S, koronavirus imunologie   MeSH
• interferon gama krev   MeSH
• koronavirové nukleokapsidové proteiny imunologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• longitudinální studie MeSH
• nemocnice univerzitní MeSH
• nukleokapsida imunologie   MeSH
• protilátky virové * krev   MeSH
• SARS-CoV-2 * imunologie   MeSH
• sérologické testování na COVID-19 metody   MeSH
• zdravotnický personál * statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• biologické markery MeSH
• fosfoproteiny MeSH
• glykoprotein S, koronavirus MeSH
• interferon gama MeSH
• koronavirové nukleokapsidové proteiny MeSH
• nucleocapsid phosphoprotein, SARS-CoV-2 MeSH Prohlížeč
• protilátky virové * MeSH

Despite the lower virulence of current SARS-CoV-2 variants and high rates of vaccinated and previously infected subjects, COVID-19 remains a persistent threat in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs). This study evaluated the parameters of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody production in 120 KTRs. The production of neutralizing antibodies in KTRs, following booster vaccination with the mRNA vaccine BNT162b2, was significantly decreased and their decline was faster than in healthy subjects. Factors predisposing to the downregulation of anti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies included age, lower estimated glomerular filtration rate, and a full dose of mycophenolate mofetil. Neutralizing antibodies correlated with those targeting the SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain (RBD), SARS-CoV-2 Spike trimmer, total SARS-CoV-2 S1 protein, as well as with antibodies to the deadly SARS-CoV-1 virus. No cross-reactivity was found with antibodies against seasonal coronaviruses. KTRs exhibited lower postvaccination production of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2; however, the specificity of their humoral response did not differ compared to healthy subjects.

• Klíčová slova
• Antibodies, COVID-19, Kidney transplantation, SARS-CoV-2, Vaccination,
• MeSH
• COVID-19 * imunologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• glykoprotein S, koronavirus imunologie   MeSH
• humorální imunita MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neutralizující protilátky * krev   imunologie   MeSH
• příjemce transplantátu * MeSH
• protilátky virové * krev   imunologie   MeSH
• SARS-CoV-2 * imunologie   MeSH
• sekundární imunizace MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• transplantace ledvin * škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• vakcína BNT162 imunologie   aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• vakcíny proti COVID-19 imunologie   aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• glykoprotein S, koronavirus MeSH
• neutralizující protilátky * MeSH
• protilátky virové * MeSH
• spike protein, SARS-CoV-2 MeSH Prohlížeč
• vakcína BNT162 MeSH
• vakcíny proti COVID-19 MeSH

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an RNA virus responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). While SARS-CoV-2 primarily targets the lungs and airways, it can also infect other organs, including the central nervous system (CNS). The aim of this study was to investigate whether the choroid plexus could serve as a potential entry site for SARS-CoV-2 into the brain. Tissue samples from 24 deceased COVID-19-positive individuals were analyzed. Reverse transcription real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) was performed on selected brain regions, including the choroid plexus, to detect SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA. Additionally, immunofluorescence staining and confocal microscopy were used to detect and localize two characteristic proteins of SARS-CoV-2: the spike protein S1 and the nucleocapsid protein. RT-qPCR analysis confirmed the presence of SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA in the choroid plexus. Immunohistochemical staining revealed viral particles localized in the epithelial cells of the choroid plexus, with the spike protein S1 detected in the late endosomes. Our findings suggest that the blood-cerebrospinal fluid (B-CSF) barrier in the choroid plexus serves as a route of entry for SARS-CoV-2 into the CNS. This study contributes to the understanding of the mechanisms underlying CNS involvement in COVID-19 and highlights the importance of further research to explore potential therapeutic strategies targeting this entry pathway.

• Klíčová slova
• COVID‐19, SARS‐CoV‐2, blood‐cerebrospinal fluid barrier, choroid plexus, neuroinvasion,
• MeSH
• COVID-19 * virologie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• fosfoproteiny * metabolismus   MeSH
• glykoprotein S, koronavirus * genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• hematoencefalická bariéra * virologie   MeSH
• internalizace viru MeSH
• koronavirové nukleokapsidové proteiny MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• plexus chorioideus * virologie   MeSH
• RNA virová * genetika   MeSH
• SARS-CoV-2 * fyziologie   MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• fosfoproteiny * MeSH
• glykoprotein S, koronavirus * MeSH
• koronavirové nukleokapsidové proteiny MeSH
• nucleocapsid phosphoprotein, SARS-CoV-2 MeSH Prohlížeč
• RNA virová * MeSH
• spike protein, SARS-CoV-2 MeSH Prohlížeč

The global COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has led to significant morbidity and mortality, with a profound impact on cardiovascular health. This review investigates the mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2's interaction with cardiac tissue, particularly emphasizing the role of the Spike protein and ACE2 receptor in facilitating viral entry and subsequent cardiac complications. We dissect the structural features of the virus, its interactions with host cell receptors, and the resulting pathophysiological changes in the heart. Highlighting SARS-CoV-2's broad organ tropism, especially its effects on cardiomyocytes via ACE2 and TMPRSS2, the review addresses how these interactions exacerbate cardiovascular issues in patients with pre-existing conditions such as diabetes and hypertension. Additionally, we assess both direct and indirect mechanisms of virus-induced cardiac damage, including myocarditis, arrhythmias, and long-term complications such as 'long COVID'. This review underscores the complexity of SARS-CoV-2's impact on the heart, emphasizing the need for ongoing research to fully understand its long-term effects on cardiovascular health. Key words: COVID-19, Heart, ACE2, Spike protein, Cardiomyocytes, Myocarditis, Long COVID.

• MeSH
• angiotensin-konvertující enzym 2 * metabolismus   MeSH
• COVID-19 * metabolismus   MeSH
• glykoprotein S, koronavirus * metabolismus   MeSH
• internalizace viru MeSH
• kardiomyocyty metabolismus   virologie   patologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• myokard metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• SARS-CoV-2 * patogenita   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• ACE2 protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• angiotensin-konvertující enzym 2 * MeSH
• glykoprotein S, koronavirus * MeSH
• spike protein, SARS-CoV-2 MeSH Prohlížeč

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a respiratory virus that emerged in late 2019 and rapidly spread worldwide, causing the COVID-19 pandemic. The spike glycoprotein (S protein) plays a crucial role in viral target recognition and entry by interacting with angiotensin, converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the functional receptor for the virus, via its receptor binding domain (RBD). The RBD availability for this interaction can be influenced by external factors, such as fatty acids. Linoleic acid (LA), a free fatty acid, has been shown to bind the S protein, modulating the viral infection by reducing initial target recognition. LA interacts with the fatty acid binding pocket (FABP), a potential drug target against SARS-CoV-2. In this study, we aimed to exploit the FABP as a drug target by performing a docking-based virtual screening with a library of commercially available, drug-like compounds. The virtual hits identified were then assessed in in vitro assays for the inhibition of the virus-host interaction and cytotoxicity. Binding assays targeting the spike-ACE2 interaction identified multiple compounds with inhibitory activity and low cytotoxicity.

• Klíčová slova
• SARS-CoV-2, in vitro assays, spike glycoprotein, virtual screening,
• MeSH
• angiotensin-konvertující enzym 2 * metabolismus   chemie   MeSH
• antivirové látky farmakologie   chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• COVID-19 virologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• farmakoterapie COVID-19 MeSH
• glykoprotein S, koronavirus * metabolismus   chemie   MeSH
• kyselina linolová metabolismus   chemie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• proteiny vázající mastné kyseliny metabolismus   MeSH
• SARS-CoV-2 * metabolismus   účinky léků   MeSH
• simulace molekulového dockingu * MeSH
• vazba proteinů * MeSH
• vazebná místa MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• ACE2 protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• angiotensin-konvertující enzym 2 * MeSH
• antivirové látky MeSH
• glykoprotein S, koronavirus * MeSH
• kyselina linolová MeSH
• proteiny vázající mastné kyseliny MeSH
• spike protein, SARS-CoV-2 MeSH Prohlížeč

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) enters the nasal cavity, penetrates the nasal epithelial cells through the interaction of its spike protein with the host cell receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and then triggers a cytokine storm. We aimed to assess the biocompatibility of fullerenol nanoparticles C60(OH)40 and ectoine, and to document their effect on the protection of primary human nasal epithelial cells (HNEpCs) against the effects of interaction with the fragment of virus - spike protein. This preliminary research is the first step towards the construction of a intranasal medical device with a protective, mechanical function against SARS-CoV-2 similar to that of personal protective equipment (eg masks). METHODS: We used HNEpCs and the full-length spike protein from SARS-CoV-2 to mimic the first stage of virus infection. We assessed cell viability with the XTT assay and a spectrophotometer. May-Grünwald Giemsa and periodic acid-Schiff staining served to evaluate HNEpC morphology. We assessed reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by using 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate and commercial kit. Finally, we employed reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting and confocal microscopy to determine the expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and inflammatory cytokines. RESULTS: There was normal morphology and unchanged viability of HNEpCs after incubation with 10 mg/L C60(OH)40, 0.2% ectoine or their composite for 24 h. The spike protein exerted cytotoxicity via ROS production. Preincubation with the composite protected HNEpCs against the interaction between the spike protein and the host membrane and prevented the production of key cytokines characteristic of severe coronavirus disease 2019, including interleukin 6 and 8, monocyte chemotactic protein 1 and 2, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 2 and macrophage colony-stimulating factor. CONCLUSION: In the future, the combination of fullerenol and ectoine may be used to prevent viral infections as an intranasal medical device for people with reduced immunity and damaged mucous membrane.

• Klíčová slova
• ACE2, cytokine storm, ectoine, nasal epithelium, polyhydroxylated fullerene, spike,
• MeSH
• aminokyseliny diaminové MeSH
• angiotensin-konvertující enzym 2 metabolismus   MeSH
• COVID-19 * prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• cytokiny metabolismus   MeSH
• epitelové buňky * účinky léků   virologie   MeSH
• fullereny * farmakologie   chemie   MeSH
• glykoprotein S, koronavirus * metabolismus   MeSH
• kultivované buňky MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nanočástice * chemie   MeSH
• nosní sliznice účinky léků   cytologie   MeSH
• reaktivní formy kyslíku metabolismus   MeSH
• SARS-CoV-2 * účinky léků   MeSH
• syndrom uvolnění cytokinů * prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• viabilita buněk * účinky léků   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• aminokyseliny diaminové MeSH
• angiotensin-konvertující enzym 2 MeSH
• cytokiny MeSH
• ectoine MeSH Prohlížeč
• fullerenol MeSH Prohlížeč
• fullereny * MeSH
• glykoprotein S, koronavirus * MeSH
• reaktivní formy kyslíku MeSH
• spike protein, SARS-CoV-2 MeSH Prohlížeč

BACKGROUND: SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19, has killed more than 7 million people worldwide. Understanding the development of postinfectious and postvaccination immune responses is necessary for effective treatment and the introduction of appropriate antipandemic measures. OBJECTIVES: We analysed humoral and cell-mediated anti-SARS-CoV-2 immune responses to spike (S), nucleocapsid (N), membrane (M), and open reading frame (O) proteins in individuals collected up to 1.5 years after COVID-19 onset and evaluated immune memory. METHODS: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells and serum were collected from patients after COVID-19. Sampling was performed in two rounds: 3-6 months after infection and after another year. Most of the patients were vaccinated between samplings. SARS-CoV-2-seronegative donors served as controls. ELISpot assays were used to detect SARS-CoV-2-specific T and B cells using peptide pools (S, NMO) or recombinant proteins (rS, rN), respectively. A CEF peptide pool consisting of selected viral epitopes was applied to assess the antiviral T-cell response. SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies were detected via ELISA and a surrogate virus neutralisation assay. RESULTS: We confirmed that SARS-CoV-2 infection induces the establishment of long-term memory IgG+ B cells and memory T cells. We also found that vaccination enhanced the levels of anti-S memory B and T cells. Multivariate comparison also revealed the benefit of repeated vaccination. Interestingly, the T-cell response to CEF was lower in patients than in controls. CONCLUSION: This study supports the importance of repeated vaccination for enhancing immunity and suggests a possible long-term perturbation of the overall antiviral immune response caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection.

• Klíčová slova
• COVID-19, ELISpot, SARS-CoV-2, adaptive immunity, antibody, immune memory, virus neutralisation assay,
• MeSH
• B-lymfocyty imunologie   MeSH
• buněčná imunita imunologie   MeSH
• COVID-19 * imunologie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• ELISPOT MeSH
• glykoprotein S, koronavirus imunologie   MeSH
• humorální imunita MeSH
• imunologická paměť MeSH
• leukocyty mononukleární imunologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• protilátky virové * krev   imunologie   MeSH
• SARS-CoV-2 * imunologie   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• T-lymfocyty imunologie   MeSH
• vakcíny proti COVID-19 imunologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• glykoprotein S, koronavirus MeSH
• protilátky virové * MeSH
• spike protein, SARS-CoV-2 MeSH Prohlížeč
• vakcíny proti COVID-19 MeSH

In middle to late 2023, a sublineage of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron XBB, EG.5.1 (a progeny of XBB.1.9.2), is spreading rapidly around the world. We performed multiscale investigations, including phylogenetic analysis, epidemic dynamics modeling, infection experiments using pseudoviruses, clinical isolates, and recombinant viruses in cell cultures and experimental animals, and the use of human sera and antiviral compounds, to reveal the virological features of the newly emerging EG.5.1 variant. Our phylogenetic analysis and epidemic dynamics modeling suggested that two hallmark substitutions of EG.5.1, S:F456L and ORF9b:I5T are critical to its increased viral fitness. Experimental investigations on the growth kinetics, sensitivity to clinically available antivirals, fusogenicity, and pathogenicity of EG.5.1 suggested that the virological features of EG.5.1 are comparable to those of XBB.1.5. However, cryo-electron microscopy revealed structural differences between the spike proteins of EG.5.1 and XBB.1.5. We further assessed the impact of ORF9b:I5T on viral features, but it was almost negligible in our experimental setup. Our multiscale investigations provide knowledge for understanding the evolutionary traits of newly emerging pathogenic viruses, including EG.5.1, in the human population.

• Klíčová slova
• COVID‐19, EG.5.1, ORF9b, Omicron, SARS‐CoV‐2, pathogenicity,
• MeSH
• antivirové látky farmakologie   MeSH
• Cercopithecus aethiops MeSH
• COVID-19 * virologie   MeSH
• elektronová kryomikroskopie MeSH
• fylogeneze * MeSH
• glykoprotein S, koronavirus * genetika   chemie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• myši MeSH
• SARS-CoV-2 * genetika   MeSH
• Vero buňky MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antivirové látky MeSH
• glykoprotein S, koronavirus * MeSH
• spike protein, SARS-CoV-2 MeSH Prohlížeč

Rapid and reliable immunosensing is undoubtedly one of the priorities in the efficient management and combat against a pandemic, as society has experienced with the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak; simple and cost-effective sensing strategies are at the forefront of these efforts. In this regard, 2D-layered MXenes hold great potential for electrochemical biosensing due to their attractive physicochemical properties. Herein, we present a V2CTx MXene-based sensing layer as an integral part of a label-free immunosensor for sensitive and selective detection of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. The sensor was fabricated on a supporting screen-printed carbon electrode using Nafion as an immobilizing agent for MXene and glutaraldehyde, the latter enabling effective binding of protein A for further site-oriented immobilization of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. A thorough structural analysis of the sensor architecture was carried out, and several key parameters affecting the fabrication and analytical performance of the immunosensor were investigated and optimized. The immunosensor showed excellent electroanalytical performance in combination with an impedimetric approach and exhibited a low detection limit of only 45 fM SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Its practical applicability was successfully demonstrated by measuring the spike protein in a spiked artificial nasopharyngeal fluid sample.

• Klíčová slova
• SARS-CoV-2, V2CTx MXene, electrochemical, immunosensor, impedimetric, spike protein,
• MeSH
• biosenzitivní techniky * metody   MeSH
• COVID-19 diagnóza   virologie   MeSH
• elektrochemické techniky metody   MeSH
• elektrody MeSH
• glykoprotein S, koronavirus * imunologie   analýza   MeSH
• imunoanalýza metody   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• limita detekce MeSH
• SARS-CoV-2 * izolace a purifikace   imunologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• glykoprotein S, koronavirus * MeSH
• spike protein, SARS-CoV-2 MeSH Prohlížeč