OBJECTIVE: This article reviews the published studies dealing with the influence of cigarette smoking on metabolic changes and effectiveness of drugs used in the systemic chemotherapy of the lung cancer. METHODS: The literature search of interactions between cigarette smoking and drugs used for lung cancer was carried out. The abstracted data mostly involved some induction of key drug-metabolizing enzymes of cytochrome CYP1A1/2, CYP2D6, CYP3A4 and isoforms of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase. RESULTS: Metabolic changes are important both in the non-chemotherapy and for the drugs used in the chemotherapy. They can change pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of drugs. Primarily, we addressed potential differences in drug effects on smokers and non-smokers. The increased clearance of erlotinib and irinotecan may have impact on effectiveness of the lung cancer therapy. The effects of taxanes and gemcitabine are more complex. CONCLUSION: The evaluated studies show that continued smoking after lung cancer diagnosis is related to poor prognosis, reduced survival, risk of second primary malignancies, and increased cancer recurrence. Of particular importance is the deterioration in the quality of life and an increased incidence of the adverse drug reactions in smokers. The patient's cigarette smoking history should be considered carefully and smoking cessation must be taken into account.

• Klíčová slova
• chemotherapy, cigarette smoking, cytochrome P450, lung cancer,
• MeSH
• kouření metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory plic farmakoterapie   MeSH
• protinádorové látky farmakokinetika   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• protinádorové látky MeSH

Analysis of Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) is a re-discovered approach to monitoring the course of the disease and reduce invasive methods of patient investigation. However, the major disadvantage and shortcoming of the EBC is lack of reliable and reproducible standardization of the method. Despite many articles published on EBC, until now there is no clear consensus on whether the analysis of EBC can provide a clue to diagnosis of the diseases. The purpose of this paper is to investigate our own method, to search for possible standardization and to obtain our own initial experience. Thirty healthy volunteers provided the EBC, in which we monitored the density, pH, protein, chloride and urea concentration. Our results show that EBC pH is influenced by smoking, and urea concentrations are affected by the gender of subjects. Age of subjects does not play a role. The smallest coefficient of variation between individual volunteers is for density determination. Current limitations of EBC measurements are the low concentration of many biomarkers. Standardization needs to be specific for each individual biomarker, with focusing on optimal condensate collection. EBC analysis has a potential become diagnostic test, not only for lung diseases.

• Klíčová slova
• exhaled breath condensate, healthy subjects, standardization,
• MeSH
• biologické markery analýza   metabolismus   MeSH
• chloridy analýza   metabolismus   MeSH
• dechové testy metody   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• koncentrace vodíkových iontů MeSH
• kouření metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• močovina analýza   metabolismus   MeSH
• odběr biologického vzorku MeSH
• pilotní projekty MeSH
• proteiny analýza   metabolismus   MeSH
• referenční hodnoty MeSH
• referenční standardy MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• sexuální faktory MeSH
• věkové faktory MeSH
• zdraví dobrovolníci pro lékařské studie MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• biologické markery MeSH
• chloridy MeSH
• močovina MeSH
• proteiny MeSH

Smoking during pregnancy presents health risks for both the mother and her child. In this study we followed changes in the production of steroid hormones in pregnant smokers. We focused on changes in steroidogenesis in the blood of mothers in their 37(th) week of pregnancy and in mixed cord blood from their newborns. The study included 88 healthy women with physiological pregnancies (17 active smokers and 71 non-smokers). We separately analyzed hormonal changes associated with smoking according to the sex of newborns. In women with male fetuses, we found higher levels of serum cortisone, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), 7alpha-OH-DHEA, 17-OH pregnenolone, testosterone, and androstenedione in smokers at the 37(th) week compared to non-smokers. In women with female fetuses, we found lower serum levels of 7beta-OH-DHEA and higher androstenedione in smokers at the 37(th) week. We found significantly higher levels of testosterone in newborn males of smokers and higher levels of 7alpha-OH-DHEA in female newborns of smokers. Smoking during pregnancy induces changes in the production of steroids in both the mother and her child. These changes are different for different fetal sexes, with more pronounced changes in mothers carrying male newborns as well as in the newborn males themselves.

• MeSH
• androstendion krev   MeSH
• dehydroepiandrosteron analogy a deriváty   krev   MeSH
• dehydroepiandrosteronsulfát krev   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• estradiol krev   MeSH
• fetální krev metabolismus   MeSH
• kouření škodlivé účinky   metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• plod metabolismus   MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• steroidy krev   MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• testosteron krev   MeSH
• zpožděný efekt prenatální expozice krev   etiologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• 7-hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone MeSH Prohlížeč
• androstendion MeSH
• dehydroepiandrosteron MeSH
• dehydroepiandrosteronsulfát MeSH
• estradiol MeSH
• steroidy MeSH
• testosteron MeSH

Smoking is the most widespread substance dependence in the world. Nicotine and some other components of the cigarette smoke cause various endocrine imbalances, and have negative effects on pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, testicular and ovarian functions. Here, we examined studies that describe the influence of smoking and smoking cessation on the male and female reproductive systems. We also focused on studies providing an account of differences in cessation success rates between men and women. In men, the most common effects associated with smoking are erectile dysfunction and decreasing spermiogram quality. Several groups have studied the effects of cigarette smoking on testosterone levels in men. However, the results have been conflicting. In women, nicotine has an anti-estrogen effect and increases the ratio of androgens to estrogens throughout life. Beside nicotine, other cigarette toxins also cause dysregulation of reproductive and hormonal system, and essentially influence the probability of a successful pregnancy not only in cases of assisted reproduction but also in healthy women. Tobacco addiction is one of the forms of addiction that are generally thought to be different for men and for women. Women are less successful than men in quitting smoking, and nicotine replacement therapy is less effective in female smokers. We also summarize recent studies that have indicated possible reasons.

• MeSH
• androgeny metabolismus   MeSH
• estrogeny metabolismus   MeSH
• kouření škodlivé účinky   metabolismus   psychologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nikotin škodlivé účinky   metabolismus   MeSH
• odvykání kouření * psychologie   MeSH
• rozmnožování účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• androgeny MeSH
• estrogeny MeSH
• nikotin MeSH

Incretine-based therapies are frequently used to treat patients with type 2 diabetes. Some of these drugs are used to induce weight loss. Liraglutide, a glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist, was recently approved for the treatment of obesity. Smoking cessation is associated with weight gain. The mechanism responsible for the increase in body weight post cessation remains unclear. While increased caloric intake may play a role, weight gain may also be linked to nicotine, which has been shown to stimulate smokers basal metabolic rate. The effect of incretines on body weight and energy metabolism after smoking cessation is unclear. Recently published data suggests that incretine hormones may not be involved in the above mentioned changes.

• Klíčová slova
• body weight, glucagon-like peptide 1, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, leptin., smoking cessation,
• MeSH
• diabetes mellitus 2. typu metabolismus   MeSH
• energetický metabolismus * MeSH
• hmotnostní přírůstek účinky léků   MeSH
• inkretiny metabolismus   MeSH
• inzulinová rezistence MeSH
• kouření metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• obezita metabolismus   MeSH
• odvykání kouření * MeSH
• tělesná hmotnost MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• inkretiny MeSH

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is a source of a number of cytokines which could act in the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease (CAD). The potential relationship between known cardiovascular risk factors, such as smoking, dyslipidaemia or diabetes mellitus and EAT humoral signalling, has not been fully elucidated. Therefore, we designed and conducted a cross-sectional study to determine whether selected cardiovascular risk factors are linked to levels of cytokines in epicardial and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT). METHODS: Samples of SAT and EAT were collected from consecutive patients undergoing scheduled cardiac surgery. Tissue concentrations of tumour necrosis factor-ɑ (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein, leptin, and adiponectin were determined by ELISA. RESULTS: We enrolled 140 patients. TNF-α and IL-6 concentrations in EAT and SAT were significantly higher in current smokers (CS) than in never smokers (NS) and former smokers (FS). There were no differences between FS and NS. No other clinical variables were associated with cytokine concentrations in a regression analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Smoking was independently associated with higher TNF-α and IL-6 concentrations in EAT and SAT. A novel observation that pro-inflammatory cytokines are elevated in EAT in smokers could contribute to identify potential mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of adverse effects of tobacco smoking. There were no differences between EAT cytokine production in NS and FS, which support the importance of smoking cessation for cardiovascular risk reduction.

• Klíčová slova
• Coronary artery disease, Cytokines, Epicardial adipose tissue, Inflammation, Smoking,
• MeSH
• interleukin-6 metabolismus   MeSH
• kouření škodlivé účinky   metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mediátory zánětu metabolismus   MeSH
• odvykání kouření * MeSH
• perikard metabolismus   MeSH
• podkožní tuk metabolismus   MeSH
• prevence kouření * MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• TNF-alfa metabolismus   MeSH
• upregulace MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• IL6 protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• interleukin-6 MeSH
• mediátory zánětu MeSH
• TNF-alfa MeSH

The aim of this study was to investigate fatty acids composition of sperm phospholipids, level of lipoperoxidation represented by malondialdehyde and to examine differences between recent smokers and nonsmokers. The levels of malondialdehyde were in the group of all patients 1.51 ± 0.56 μmol l(-1) , in smokers 1.36 ± 0.59 μmol l(-1) and in nonsmokers 1.53 ± 0.55 μmol l(-1) . Total sperm membrane phospholipid fatty acids were profiled into several groups, saturated acids (in smokers 61.86 ± 9.02%, in nonsmokers 61.20 ± 11.66%), polyunsaturated acids n-3 (in smokers 12.62 ± 8.18%, in nonsmokers 14.28 ± 13.65%), polyunsaturated acids n-6 (in smokers 9.13 ± 4.37%, in nonsmokers 10.10 ± 3.79%) and other acids (in smokers 14.36 ± 3.94%, in nonsmokers 13.88 ± 2.31%). Significant correlations were found between the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and total sperm motility in all patients (r = -0.358, P = 0.013), between both the level of MDA and progressive motility (r = -0.465, P = 0.001) and between the level of MDA and total motility (r = -0.382, P = 0.037) in nonsmokers. There were no statistically significant differences between composition of sperm phospholipid important fatty acids in smokers and nonsmokers. Significant correlations between selected sperm fatty acids and sperm motility and morphology in smokers and nonsmokers were not observed.

• Klíčová slova
• Cigarette smoking, fatty acids, gas chromatography, malondialdehyde, sperm,
• MeSH
• buněčná membrána metabolismus   MeSH
• chromatografie plynová MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• fosfolipidy metabolismus   MeSH
• kouření metabolismus   MeSH
• kyseliny mastné omega-6 metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• malondialdehyd metabolismus   MeSH
• mastné kyseliny metabolismus   MeSH
• motilita spermií MeSH
• omega-3 mastné kyseliny metabolismus   MeSH
• peroxidace lipidů MeSH
• sperma metabolismus   MeSH
• spermie metabolismus   MeSH
• studie případů a kontrol MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• fosfolipidy MeSH
• kyseliny mastné omega-6 MeSH
• malondialdehyd MeSH
• mastné kyseliny MeSH
• omega-3 mastné kyseliny MeSH

The metal cadmium (Cd) is a widespread environmental pollutant with documented adverse effects on the kidneys and bones from long-term environmental exposure, but with insufficiently elucidated public health consequences such as risk of cardiovascular disease, hormone-related cancer in adults and developmental effects in children. This study is the first pan-European human biomonitoring project that succeeded in performing harmonized measurements of Cd in urine in a comparable way in mother-child couples from 16 European countries. The aim of the study was to evaluate the overall Cd exposure and significant determinants of Cd exposure. A study population of 1632 women (24-52 years of age), and 1689 children (5-12 years of age), from 32 rural and urban areas, was examined within a core period of 6 months in 2011-2012. Women were stratified as smokers and non-smokers. As expected, smoking mothers had higher geometric mean (gm) urinary cadmium (UCd; 0.24 µg/g crea; n=360) than non-smoking mothers (gm 0.18 µg/g crea; n=1272; p<0.0001), and children had lower UCd (gm 0.065 µg/g crea; n=1689) than their mothers at the country level. Non-smoking women exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) at home had 14% (95% CI 1-28%) higher UCd than those who were not exposed to ETS at home (p=0.04). No influence of ETS at home or other places on UCd levels was detected in children. Smoking women with primary education as the highest educational level of the household had 48% (95% CI 18-86%) higher UCd than those with tertiary education (p=0.0008). The same observation was seen in non-smoking women and in children; however they were not statistically significant. In children, living in a rural area was associated with 7% (95% CI 1-13%) higher UCd (p=0.03) compared to living in an urban area. Children, 9-12 years had 7% (95% CI 1-13%) higher UCd (p=0.04) than children 5-8 years. About 1% of the mothers, and 0.06% of the children, exceeded the tolerable weekly intake (TWI) appointed by EFSA, corresponding to 1.0 µg Cd/g crea in urine. Poland had the highest UCd in comparison between the 16 countries, while Denmark had the lowest. Whether the differences between countries are related to differences in the degree of environmental Cd contamination or to differences in lifestyle, socioeconomic status or dietary patterns is not clear.

• Klíčová slova
• Biomonitoring, Democophes, Exposure predictors, Mother–child pairs, Urinary cadmium,
• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kadmium moč   MeSH
• kouření metabolismus   MeSH
• látky znečišťující životní prostředí moč   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• limita detekce MeSH
• matky MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí metody   MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• regresní analýza MeSH
• socioekonomické faktory MeSH
• vystavení vlivu životního prostředí analýza   MeSH
• životní styl MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH
• Názvy látek
• kadmium MeSH
• látky znečišťující životní prostředí MeSH

Oxidative stress has been proposed as one of the potential causes for infertility in men. Retinol and α-tocopherol have an important role in the spermatozoa defences against oxidative stress. A method is described here for the simultaneous determination of retinol and α-tocopherol in human seminal plasma with a suitable sample preparation procedure to prevent retinol and α-tocopherol degradation. After adequate sample preparation, the samples were determined by reversed-phase column chromatography with UV detection. The analytical performance of this method was satisfactory. The intra-assay and inter-assay coefficients of variation were below 10%. The recoveries were as follows: 90.7% (CV 8.1%) for retinol and 98.2% (CV 4.8%) for α-tocopherol. No significant differences in both retinol and α-tocopherol concentration between the smokers and nonsmokers (15 ± 7 nm and 1.86 ± 0.29 μm versus 15 ± 6 nm and 1.93 ± 0.45 μm) were found. A selective high-performance liquid chromatography method for the determination of retinol and α-tocopherol in human seminal plasma was developed.

• Klíčová slova
• Butylated hydroxytoluene, high-performance liquid chromatography, retinol, seminal plasma, tocopherol,
• MeSH
• alfa-tokoferol metabolismus   MeSH
• chromatografie s reverzní fází MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kouření metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
• spektrofotometrie ultrafialová metody   MeSH
• sperma metabolismus   MeSH
• studie případů a kontrol MeSH
• vitamin A metabolismus   MeSH
• vysokoúčinná kapalinová chromatografie metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• alfa-tokoferol MeSH
• vitamin A MeSH

The aim of this study was to determine the salivary concentrations of tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) in patients with premalignant and malignant lesions. The study involved 57 patients who were examined between 2008 and 2010 at the Department of Oral Medicine and Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery of the Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, Croatia. They were divided into three groups: 19 patients with oral premalignant lesions, 19 with oral squamous cell carcinoma and 19 healthy control volunteers. Whole saliva was collected and investigated for the presence of TNF-α and IL-6 by enzyme immunoassay at the Department of Dentistry and Maxillofacial Surgery, Medical Faculty, University of Graz, Austria. All groups had statistically significant differences in values of TNF-α and IL-6 (P < 0.001). The results suggest that these proinflammatory cytokines are elevated in the saliva of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma and oral premalignant lesions as compared to controls, which may have diagnostic and/or prognostic significance.

• MeSH
• demografie MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• interleukin-6 metabolismus   MeSH
• kouření metabolismus   MeSH
• lichen planus orální metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory úst metabolismus   MeSH
• prekancerózy metabolismus   MeSH
• sliny metabolismus   MeSH
• spinocelulární karcinom metabolismus   MeSH
• studie případů a kontrol MeSH
• TNF-alfa metabolismus   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• IL6 protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• interleukin-6 MeSH
• TNF-alfa MeSH