Release of untreated effluent from processing or manufacturing industries and other commercial premises into water bodies is a major threat to environment and human health. In this regard, the effluent generated from laboratories and other research facilities is of great concern. Among other harmful chemicals, the effluent is rich in toxic organic dyes, which get exposed to the environment and pose serious health risk. The dyes used in nucleic acid analysis specially the DNA dyes are known for their teratogenicity and mutagenic potential, which mainly depends upon the organism and circumstances under which it is exposed. Among animals and humans, exposure to theses dyes may lead to irritation in mouth, eyes and respiratory tract and many other possible effects which are yet to be explored. To overcome these problems, dyes present in the effluents from laboratories must be degraded to non-toxic forms. Various strategies have been proposed and investigated for degradation and remediation of contaminated laboratory effluent. As a modern and cost-effective technique, biodegradation using microbes and plants is potentially eco-friendly and sustainable technique for detoxifying these dyes. In this article, we have discussed and reviewed the structure, properties and toxicity profile of prominent nucleic acid dyes, along with the strategies of remediation of laboratory effluents contaminated with these dyes. In addition, we have also discussed the feasibility and limitations of these remediation strategies and identified research gaps that can help researchers to explore more effective solutions to manage this area of great concern. We have also reviewed various less toxic alternatives of these common as safer options of these dyes.

• Klíčová slova
• Alternative DNA dyes, DNA dyes, Dye degradation, Nucleic acid dyes, Toxicity,
• MeSH
• barvicí látky * chemie   toxicita   MeSH
• biodegradace MeSH
• DNA MeSH
• nukleové kyseliny * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• barvicí látky * MeSH
• DNA MeSH
• nukleové kyseliny * MeSH

Decolorization of several dyes (Red HE-8B, Malachite Green, Navy Blue HE-2R, Magenta, Crystal Violet) and an industrial effluent with growing cells of Phanerochaete chrysosporium in shake and static culture was demonstrated. All the dyes and the industrial effluent were decolorized to some extent with varying percentages of decolorization (20-100%). The rate of decolorization was very rapid with Red HE-8B, an industrial dye. Decolorization rates for all the dyes in static condition were found to be less than the shake culture and also dependent on biomass concentration.

• MeSH
• barva MeSH
• barvicí látky metabolismus   MeSH
• Basidiomycota metabolismus   MeSH
• biodegradace MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu metabolismus   MeSH
• genciánová violeť metabolismus   MeSH
• mikrobiologické techniky MeSH
• průmyslový odpad * MeSH
• rosanilinová barviva metabolismus   MeSH
• textilní průmysl * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• barvicí látky MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu MeSH
• genciánová violeť MeSH
• malachite green MeSH Prohlížeč
• průmyslový odpad * MeSH
• rosanilinová barviva MeSH

The rate and efficiency of decolorization of poly R-478- or Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR)-containing agar plates (200 microg x g(-1)) were tested to evaluate the dye degradation activity in a total of 103 wood-rotting fungal strains. Best strains were able to completely decolorize plates within 10 days at 28 degrees C. Irpex lacteus and Pleurotus ostreatus were selected and used for degradation of six different groups of dyes (azo, diazo, anthraquinone-based, heterocyclic, triphenylmethane, phthalocyanine) on agar plates. Both fungi efficiently degraded dyes from all groups. Removal of RBBR, Bromophenol blue, Cu-phthalocyanine, Methyl red and Congo red was studied with I. lacteus also in liquid medium. Within 14 days, the following color reductions were attained: RBBR 93%, Bromophenol blue 100%, Cu-phthalocyanine 98%, Methyl red 56%, Congo red 58%. The ability of I. lacteus to degrade RBBR spiked into sterile soil was checked, the removal being 77% of the dye added within 6 weeks. The capacity of selected white rot fungal species to remove efficiently diverse synthetic dyes from water and soil environments is documented.

• MeSH
• Agaricales metabolismus   MeSH
• barva MeSH
• barvicí látky metabolismus   MeSH
• Basidiomycota metabolismus   MeSH
• biodegradace MeSH
• kultivační média MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• barvicí látky MeSH
• kultivační média MeSH

Naturally occurring kind of weathered and oxidised young brown coal called oxihumolite was used for an adsorptive removal of basic (Methylene Blue, Malachite Green) as well as acid (Egacid Orange, Midlon Black) dyes from waters. It was shown that both kinds of dyes can be sorbed onto oxihumolite. The maximum sorption capacities determined from the parameters of Langmuir isotherms ranged from 0.070 mmol g-1 (for Midlon Black) to 0.278 mmol g-1 (for Malachite Green) and did not differ significantly for basic and acid dyes. The dye sorption (except of Midlon Black) increased in the presence of inorganic salt. Non-ionic surfactants, and surfactants bearing the same charge as the dye exhibited only a minor effect on the dye sorption, whereas oppositely charged surfactants enhanced the dye sorption to a certain extent. The pH value of the aqueous phase exhibited rather pronounced effect on the sorption of acid dyes causing a suppression of the sorption with increasing pH. The sorption of basic dyes, on the other hand, remained almost unchanged in the examined pH range. Oxihumolite is recommended for the treatment of acid wastewaters because of its limited stability in alkaline aqueous solutions.

• MeSH
• adsorpce MeSH
• azosloučeniny chemie   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• barvicí látky chemie   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• benzensulfonáty MeSH
• chlorid sodný chemie   MeSH
• čištění vody metody   MeSH
• koncentrace vodíkových iontů MeSH
• methylenová modř chemie   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• rosanilinová barviva chemie   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• roztoky chemie   MeSH
• uhlí * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• 2-naphthol orange MeSH Prohlížeč
• azosloučeniny MeSH
• barvicí látky MeSH
• benzensulfonáty MeSH
• chlorid sodný MeSH
• malachite green MeSH Prohlížeč
• methylenová modř MeSH
• rosanilinová barviva MeSH
• roztoky MeSH
• uhlí * MeSH

Neem hull waste (containing a high amount of lignin and other phenolic compounds) was used for lignin peroxidase production by Phanerochaete chrysosporum under solid-state fermentation conditions. Maximum decolorization achieved by partially purified lignin peroxidase was 80% for Porocion Brilliant Blue HGR, 83 for Ranocid Fast Blue, 70 for Acid Red 119 and 61 for Navidol Fast Black MSRL. The effects of different concentrations of veratryl alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, enzyme and dye on the efficiency of decolorization have been investigated. Maximum decolorization efficiency was observed at 0.2 and 0.4 mmol/L hydrogen peroxide, 2.5 mmol/L veratryl alcohol and pH 5.0 after a 1-h reaction, using 50 ppm of dyes and 9.96 mkat/L of enzyme.

• MeSH
• Azadirachta MeSH
• barva MeSH
• barvicí látky metabolismus   MeSH
• benzylalkoholy metabolismus   MeSH
• biodegradace MeSH
• bioreaktory MeSH
• koncentrace vodíkových iontů MeSH
• kultivační média MeSH
• lignin metabolismus   MeSH
• peroxidasy metabolismus   MeSH
• Phanerochaete enzymologie   MeSH
• substrátová specifita MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• barvicí látky MeSH
• benzylalkoholy MeSH
• kultivační média MeSH
• lignin peroxidase MeSH Prohlížeč
• lignin MeSH
• manganese peroxidase MeSH Prohlížeč
• peroxidasy MeSH
• veratryl alcohol MeSH Prohlížeč

Twelve white-rot fungal strains belonging to seven different species were screened on plates under alkaline condition to study the decolourisation of the textile dyes Reactive Black 5 and Poly R-478. Three strains of Trametes versicolor (Micoteca da Universidade do Minho (MUM) 94.04, 04.100 and 04.101) and one strain of Phanerochaete chrysosporium (MUM 94.15) showed better decolourisation results. These four strains were used for decolourisation studies in liquid culture medium. All four selected strains presented more efficient decolourisation rates on Reactive Black 5 than on Poly R-478. For both dyes on solid and liquid culture media, the decolourisation capability exhibited by these strains depended on dye concentration and pH values of the media. Finally, the decolourisation of Reactive Black 5 by T. versicolor strains MUM 94.04 and 04.100 reached 100 %. In addition, the highest white-rot fungi ligninolytic enzyme activities were found for these two strains.

• MeSH
• alkálie metabolismus   MeSH
• anthrachinony metabolismus   MeSH
• barvicí látky metabolismus   MeSH
• Basidiomycota metabolismus   MeSH
• biodegradace MeSH
• koncentrace vodíkových iontů MeSH
• kultivační média MeSH
• naftalensulfonany metabolismus   MeSH
• Phanerochaete metabolismus   MeSH
• polymery metabolismus   MeSH
• průmyslový odpad * MeSH
• textilie * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• alkálie MeSH
• anthrachinony MeSH
• barvicí látky MeSH
• kultivační média MeSH
• naftalensulfonany MeSH
• poly R-478 MeSH Prohlížeč
• polymery MeSH
• průmyslový odpad * MeSH
• Remazol black B MeSH Prohlížeč

Trametes pubescens and Pleurotus ostreatus, immobilized on polyurethane foam cubes in bioreactors, were used to decolorize three industrial and model dyes at concentrations of 200, 1000 and 2000 ppm. Five sequential cycles were run for each dye and fungus. The activity of laccase, Mn-dependent and independent peroxidases, lignin peroxidase, and aryl-alcohol oxidase were daily monitored during the cycles and the toxicity of media containing 1000 and 2000 ppm of each dye was assessed by the Lemna minor (duckweed) ecotoxicity test. Both fungi were able to efficiently decolorize all dyes even at the highest concentration, and the duckweed test showed a significant reduction (p < or = 0.05) of the toxicity after the decolorization treatment. T. pubescens enzyme activities varied greatly and no clear correlation between decolorization and enzyme activity was observed, while P. ostreatus showed constantly a high laccase activity during decolorization cycles. T. pubescens showed better decolorization and detoxication capability (compared to the better known P. ostreatus). As wide differences in enzyme activity of the individual strains were observed, the strong decolorization obtained with the two fungi suggested that different dye decolorization mechanisms might be involved.

• MeSH
• barvicí látky metabolismus   MeSH
• biodegradace MeSH
• bioreaktory mikrobiologie   MeSH
• fermentace MeSH
• imobilizované buňky metabolismus   MeSH
• Pleurotus enzymologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• Polyporales enzymologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• průmyslová mikrobiologie * MeSH
• průmyslový odpad * MeSH
• textilní průmysl * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• barvicí látky MeSH
• průmyslový odpad * MeSH

Thirty wood-rotting basidiomycetes, most of them causing white rot in wood, were isolated from fruiting bodies growing on decaying wood from the Sierra de Ayllón (Spain). The fungi were identified on the basis of their morphological characteristics and compared for their ability to decolorize Reactive Black 5 and Reactive Blue 38 (as model of azo and phthalocyanine type dyes, respectively) at 75 and 150 mg/L. Only eighteen fungal strains were able to grow on agar plates in the presence of the dyes and only three species (Calocera cornea, Lopharia spadicea, Polyporus alveolaris) decolorized efficiently both dyes at both concentrations. The ligninolytic activities, involved in decolorization dyes (laccases, lignin peroxidases, Mn-oxidizing peroxidases), were followed in glucose basal medium in the presence of enzyme inducers. The results indicate a high variability of the ligninolytic system within white-rot basidiomycetes. These fungal species and their enzymes can represent new alternatives for the study of new biological systems to degrade aromatic compounds causing environmental problems.

• MeSH
• barvicí látky metabolismus   MeSH
• Basidiomycota klasifikace   enzymologie   izolace a purifikace   metabolismus   MeSH
• biodegradace MeSH
• dřevo mikrobiologie   MeSH
• fungální proteiny metabolismus   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• lakasa metabolismus   MeSH
• peroxidasy metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• barvicí látky MeSH
• fungální proteiny MeSH
• lakasa MeSH
• lignin peroxidase MeSH Prohlížeč
• peroxidasy MeSH

Synthetic dyes are released in wastewater from textile manufacturing plants, and many of these dyes are genotoxic. In the present study, the mutagenicity of azo, anthraquinone, and triphenyl methane dyes was investigated before and after successive biodegradation with activated sludge and the ligninolytic fungus, Irpex lacteus. Two biodegradation systems were used to reduce the genotoxicity of dyes that were not efficiently inactivated by activated sludge alone. Mutagenicity was monitored with the Salmonella reversion assay conducted with the base-pair substitution detector strains, TA100 and YG1042, and the frame-shift detector strains, TA98 and YG1041, with and without rat liver S9. All dyes except for Congo Red (CR) were mutagenic with S9 activation. Assays conducted with the dyes indicated that only the azo dye Reactive Orange 16 (RO16) was mutagenic in both TA98 and TA100. Methyl Red and Disperse Blue 3 (DB3) were mutagenic in TA98, YG1041 and YG1042, while Reactive Black 5 was mutagenic in YG1041 and YG1042. Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR), Crystal violet (CV) and Bromophenol Blue (BPB) were mutagenic only in TA98, but the toxicity of the latter two dyes complicated the evaluation of their mutagenicity. CR was not mutagenic in any of the tester strains. Biodegradation studies conducted with RO16 and DB3 indicated that the two-step biodegradation process reduced the mutagenic potential of RO16 and DB3 to a greater extent than activated sludge alone; the mutagenicity of the two dyes was reduced by 95.2% and 77.8%, respectively, by the two-step process. These data indicate that the combined biodegradation process may be useful for reducing the mutagenicity associated with wastewater from textile factories that contain recalcitrant dyes.

• MeSH
• barvicí látky analýza   chemie   toxicita   MeSH
• Basidiomycota růst a vývoj   MeSH
• biodegradace MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu analýza   toxicita   MeSH
• čištění vody metody   MeSH
• molekulární struktura MeSH
• mutageny analýza   chemie   toxicita   MeSH
• odpadní vody mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Salmonella typhimurium účinky léků   genetika   MeSH
• testy genotoxicity MeSH
• textilní průmysl MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• barvicí látky MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu MeSH
• mutageny MeSH
• odpadní vody MeSH

Sequential Injection Chromatography (SIC) evolved from fast and automated non-separation Sequential Injection Analysis (SIA) into chromatographic separation method for multi-element analysis. However, the speed of the measurement (sample throughput) is due to chromatography significantly reduced. In this paper, a sub-1min separation using medium polar cyano monolithic column (5mm×4.6mm) resulted in fast and green separation with sample throughput comparable with non-separation flow methods The separation of three synthetic water-soluble dyes (sunset yellow FCF, carmoisine and green S) was in a gradient elution mode (0.02% ammonium acetate, pH 6.7 - water) with flow rate of 3.0mLmin-1 corresponding with sample throughput of 30h-1. Spectrophotometric detection wavelengths were set to 480, 516 and 630nm and 10Hz data collection rate. The performance of the separation was described and discussed (peak capacities 3.48-7.67, peak symmetries 1.72-1.84 and resolutions 1.42-1.88). The method was represented by validation parameters: LODs of 0.15-0.35mgL-1, LOQs of 0.50-1.25mgL-1, calibration ranges 0.50-150.00mgL-1 (r>0.998) and repeatability at 10.0mgL-1 of RSD≤0.98% (n=6). The method was used for determination of the dyes in "forest berries" colored pharmaceutical cough-cold formulation. The sample matrix - pharmaceuticals and excipients were not interfering with vis determination because of no retention in the separation column and colorless nature. The results proved the concept of fast and green chromatography approach using very short medium polar monolithic column in SIC.

• Klíčová slova
• Cyano monolithic column, Fast separation, Green chromatography, No-solvent mobile phase, Sequential injection chromatography, Water-soluble food dyes,
• MeSH
• barvicí látky MeSH
• chromatografie MeSH
• farmaceutická chemie metody   MeSH
• příprava léků MeSH
• voda MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• barvicí látky MeSH
• voda MeSH