Acute diarrhoea is a common presentation in dogs, and a common reason for antimicrobial prescription and nutraceutical use. This evidence-based guideline provides recommendations for antimicrobial and probiotic treatment of canine acute diarrhoea (CAD). A multidisciplinary panel developed the recommendations by adhering to the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) framework. The opinions of stakeholders (general veterinary practitioners and dog owners) were collected and incorporated to ensure the applicability of this guideline. Four strong recommendations informed by high certainty evidence, and three conditional recommendations informed by very low or low certainty evidence, were drafted by the panel, along with an ungraded section on diagnostic work-up of dogs with acute diarrhoea. The ENOVAT guidelines initiative encourages national or regional guideline makers to use the evidence presented in this document, and the supporting systematic review, to draft national or local guidance documents.

• Keywords
• Antibiotics, Antimicrobial stewardship, Enteritis, Evidence based, GRADE,
• MeSH
• Acute Disease MeSH
• Anti-Bacterial Agents therapeutic use   MeSH
• Anti-Infective Agents therapeutic use   MeSH
• Dog Diseases * drug therapy   MeSH
• Probiotics therapeutic use   MeSH
• Diarrhea * veterinary   drug therapy   MeSH
• Dogs MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Dogs MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Practice Guideline MeSH
• Geographicals
• Europe MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Anti-Bacterial Agents MeSH
• Anti-Infective Agents MeSH

The rapid evolution and spread of multidrug resistance among bacterial pathogens has significantly outpaced the development of new antibiotics, underscoring the urgent need for alternative therapies. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy and antimicrobial sonodynamic therapy have emerged as promising treatments. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy relies on the interaction between light and a photosensitizer to produce reactive oxygen species, which are highly cytotoxic to microorganisms, leading to their destruction without fostering resistance. Antimicrobial sonodynamic therapy, a novel variation, substitutes ultrasound for light to activate the sonosensitizers, expanding the therapeutic reach. To increase the efficiency of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy and antimicrobial sonodynamic therapy, the combination of these two methods, known as antimicrobial photo-sonodynamic therapy, is currently being explored and considered a promising approach. Recent advances, particularly in the application of nanomaterials, have further enhanced the efficacy of these therapies. Nanosensitizers, due to their improved reactive oxygen species generation and targeted delivery, offer significant advantages in overcoming the limitations of conventional sensitizers. These breakthroughs provide new avenues for treating bacterial infections, especially multidrug-resistant strains and biofilm-associated infections. Continued research, including comprehensive clinical studies, is crucial to optimizing nanomaterial-based antimicrobial photo-sonodynamic therapy for clinical use, ensuring their effectiveness in real-world applications.

• Keywords
• Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy, Antimicrobial sonodynamic therapy, Microbial infections, Nanosensitizers, Photosensitizers,
• MeSH
• Anti-Bacterial Agents * pharmacology   MeSH
• Bacteria drug effects   MeSH
• Bacterial Infections * drug therapy   microbiology   therapy   MeSH
• Biofilms drug effects   MeSH
• Photochemotherapy * methods   MeSH
• Photosensitizing Agents * pharmacology   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Nanoparticles chemistry   MeSH
• Nanostructures chemistry   MeSH
• Reactive Oxygen Species metabolism   MeSH
• Ultrasonic Therapy MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Review MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Anti-Bacterial Agents * MeSH
• Photosensitizing Agents * MeSH
• Reactive Oxygen Species MeSH

Chronic wounds and their associated bacterial infections are major issues in modern health care systems. Therefore, antimicrobial resistance (AMR), treatment costs, and number of disability-adjusted life-years have gained more interest. Recently, photodynamic therapy emerged as an effective approach against resistant and naïve bacterial strains with a low probability of creating AMR. In this study, needleless electrospinning was used to produce an indocyanine green (ICG) loaded poly(d,l-lactide) nanofibrous mesh as a photoresponsive wound dressing. The non-woven mesh had a homogeneous nanofibrous structure and showed long-term hydrolytic stability at different pH values. The antimicrobial activity was tested against several bacterial strains, namely Staphylococcus saprophyticus subsp. bovis, Escherichia coli DH5 alpha, and Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus. Upon irradiation with a laser of a specific wavelength (λ = 810 nm), the bacterial viability was significantly reduced by 99.978% (3.66 log10), 99.699% (2.52 log10), and 99.977% (3.64 log10), respectively. The nanofibrous mesh showed good biocompatibility, which was confirmed by the proliferation of mouse fibroblasts (L929) on the surface and into deeper parts of the mesh. Furthermore, a favorable proangiogenic effect was observed in ovo using the chorioallantoic membrane assay. In general, it can be concluded that ICG loaded nanofibers as an innovative wound dressing represent a promising strategy against chronic wounds associated with skin infections.

• Keywords
• Antimicrobial, Electrospinning, Indocyanine green, Nanofibers, Photodynamic therapy, Wound dressing,
• MeSH
• Biocompatible Materials chemistry   pharmacology   MeSH
• Cell Line MeSH
• Chorioallantoic Membrane blood supply   drug effects   MeSH
• Escherichia coli drug effects   growth & development   MeSH
• Fibroblasts cytology   drug effects   MeSH
• Photochemotherapy MeSH
• Indocyanine Green chemistry   pharmacology   MeSH
• Microbial Viability drug effects   MeSH
• Mice MeSH
• Nanofibers MeSH
• Bandages MeSH
• Polyesters chemistry   MeSH
• Cell Proliferation drug effects   MeSH
• Staphylococcus aureus drug effects   growth & development   MeSH
• Staphylococcus saprophyticus drug effects   growth & development   MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Mice MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Biocompatible Materials MeSH
• Indocyanine Green MeSH
• poly(lactide) MeSH Browser
• Polyesters MeSH

The present study was performed to evaluate the antibacterial activities of an antimicrobial peptide (CSpK14) and the synergies thereof with β-lactams against vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) and Enterococci (VRE). Our strain was isolated from fermented food (kimchi), which is 99.79 % homologous with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum FZB42(T). CSpK14 was purified to homogeneity by diammonium sulfate precipitation, concentration, dialysis, and followed by two-stage chromatographic separation, i.e., Sepharose Cl-6B and Sephadex G-25 chromatography, and had a molar mass of ~4.6 kDa via Tricine SDS-PAGE and in situ examination. It was stable at pH 6.0-11.5 and temperature up to 80 °C. In addition, it was also stable with various metal ions, solvents, and proteases. The N-terminal amino acid sequence was H-Y-D-P-G-D-D-S-G-N-T-G and did not show any significant homology with reported peptides. However, it shows some degrees of identity with alpha-2-macroglobulin and ligand-gated channel protein from different microorganisms. CSpK14 significantly reduced the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of β-lactams and had no effect on non-β-lactams against VRSA and VRE. MICs of CSpK14/oxacillin and CSpK14/ampicillin were reduced by 8- to 64-fold and 2- to 16-fold, respectively. The time killing assay between CSpK14/oxacillin (2.29-2.37 Δlog10CFU/mL at 24 h) and CSpK14/ampicillin (2.30-2.38 Δlog10CFU/mL at 24 h) being >2-fold and fractional inhibitory concentration index ˂0.5 revealed synergy. Furthermore, the biofilms formed by VRSA and VRE were reduced completely. CSpK14 was simple to purify, had low molecular mass, was stable over a wide pH range or tested chemicals, had broad inhibitory spectrum, and possessed potent synergistic antimicrobial-antibiofilm properties. CSpK14 synergistically enhanced the efficacy of β-lactams and is therefore suitable for combination therapy.

• MeSH
• Ampicillin pharmacology   MeSH
• Anti-Bacterial Agents biosynthesis   isolation & purification   pharmacology   MeSH
• Bacillus amyloliquefaciens classification   immunology   metabolism   MeSH
• Biofilms drug effects   growth & development   MeSH
• Chromatography, Ion Exchange MeSH
• Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci drug effects   growth & development   MeSH
• Phylogeny MeSH
• Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides biosynthesis   isolation & purification   pharmacology   MeSH
• Drug Therapy, Combination MeSH
• Microbial Sensitivity Tests MeSH
• Oxacillin pharmacology   MeSH
• Vancomycin Resistance drug effects   MeSH
• Amino Acid Sequence MeSH
• Protein Stability MeSH
• Staphylococcus aureus drug effects   growth & development   MeSH
• Drug Synergism MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Ampicillin MeSH
• Anti-Bacterial Agents MeSH
• Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides MeSH
• Oxacillin MeSH

Photodynamic therapy is usually used against malignant and non-malignant tumors. Nowadays, due to resistance of bacterial strains, we are looking for a new antimicrobial strategy to destroy bacteria with minimal invasive consequences. The worldwide increase in antibiotic resistance among different classes of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria has led to the search for alternative anti-microbial therapies such as antimicrobial PDT (aPDT). Development antimicrobial technology combines a nontoxic compound, called photosensitizer, visible light of the appropriate wavelength, and the generation of reactive oxygen species. In this work, the photosensitizers TMPyP and ZnTPPS4 are investigated for photodynamic and antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. We tested these two porphyrins on two cell lines and two bacterial strains to compare effectiveness. In addition, we applied photosensitizers bound in the complex created with hp-β-cyclodextrin. The light-emitting diodes were used at the doses 0, 1, 5, 10 J/cm(2) for cells and 0, 150 J/cm(2) for bacteria. Tested concentrations for cells and microbes were from 0.5 to 50 μM and from 0.78 to 100 μM, respectively. From this work it can be concluded that TMPyP is a promising compound both in aPDT and in PDT, particularly in contrast to ZnTPPS4, which was efficient only in PDT. Furthermore, the eradication of gram-positive bacteria is possible only with higher concentrations of ZnTPPS4.

• Keywords
• Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy, Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria, Photodynamic therapy, Porphyrins,
• MeSH
• Cell Line MeSH
• Cyclodextrins chemistry   pharmacology   MeSH
• Escherichia coli drug effects   radiation effects   MeSH
• Photochemotherapy MeSH
• Photosensitizing Agents chemistry   pharmacology   MeSH
• Escherichia coli Infections drug therapy   microbiology   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Porphyrins chemistry   pharmacology   MeSH
• Staphylococcal Infections drug therapy   microbiology   MeSH
• Staphylococcus aureus drug effects   radiation effects   MeSH
• Light MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Cyclodextrins MeSH
• Photosensitizing Agents MeSH
• Porphyrins MeSH

BACKGROUND: With the growing global problem of antibiotic resistance it is crucial that clinicians use antibiotics wisely, which largely means following the principles of antimicrobial stewardship (AMS). Treatment of various types of wounds is one of the more common reasons for prescribing antibiotics. OBJECTIVES: This guidance document is aimed at providing clinicians an understanding of: the basic principles of why AMS is important in caring for patients with infected wounds; who should be involved in AMS; and how to conduct AMS for patients with infected wounds. METHODS: We assembled a group of experts in infectious diseases/clinical microbiology (from the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy) and wound management (from the European Wound Management Association) who, after thoroughly reviewing the available literature and holding teleconferences, jointly produced this guidance document. RESULTS: All open wounds will be colonized with bacteria, but antibiotic therapy is only required for those that are clinically infected. Therapy is usually empirical to start, but definitive therapy should be based on results of appropriately collected specimens for culture. When prescribed, it should be as narrowly focused, and administered for the shortest duration, as possible. AMS teams should be interdisciplinary, especially including specialists in infection and pharmacy, with input from administrative personnel, the treating clinicians and their patients. CONCLUSIONS: Available evidence is limited, but suggests that applying principles of AMS to the care of patients with wounds should help to reduce the unnecessary use of systemic or topical antibiotic therapy and ensure the safest and most clinically effective therapy for infected wounds.

• MeSH
• Anti-Infective Agents standards   therapeutic use   MeSH
• Drug Therapy methods   standards   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Wounds and Injuries drug therapy   MeSH
• Societies, Medical MeSH
• Health Policy MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Review MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Anti-Infective Agents MeSH

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is a well-known spice widely utilised for its medicinal properties. There is an extensive record of the many beneficial health effects of garlic which can be traced back to as early as the ancient Egyptian era. One of the most studied properties of garlic is its ability to cure certain ailments caused by infections. In the 1940s, the antimicrobial activities exhibited by garlic were first reported to be due to allicin, a volatile compound extracted from raw garlic. Since then, allicin has been widely investigated for its putative inhibitory activities against a wide range of microorganisms. Allicin has demonstrated a preference for targeting the thiol-containing proteins and/or enzymes in microorganisms. It has also demonstrated the ability to regulate several genes essential for the virulence of microorganisms. Recently, it was reported that allicin may function better in combination with other antimicrobials compared to when used alone. When used in combination with antibiotics or antifungals, allicin enhanced the antimicrobial activities of these substances and improved the antimicrobial efficacy. Hence, it is likely that combination therapy of allicin with additional antimicrobial drug(s) could serve as a viable alternative for combating rising antimicrobial resistance. This review focuses on the antimicrobial activities exhibited by allicin alone as well as in combination with other substances. The mechanisms of action of allicin elucidated by some of the studies are also highlighted in the present review in order to provide a comprehensive overview of this versatile bioactive compound and the mechanistic evidence supporting its potential use in antimicrobial therapy.

• Keywords
• Allicin, Alternative therapy, Antibacterial, Antifungal,
• MeSH
• Anti-Infective Agents pharmacology   therapeutic use   MeSH
• Garlic chemistry   MeSH
• Disulfides MeSH
• Drug Therapy, Combination MeSH
• Sulfinic Acids pharmacology   therapeutic use   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Plant Extracts pharmacology   therapeutic use   MeSH
• Drug Synergism MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Review MeSH
• Names of Substances
• allicin MeSH Browser
• Anti-Infective Agents MeSH
• Disulfides MeSH
• Sulfinic Acids MeSH
• Plant Extracts MeSH

Systemic antimicrobial treatments are commonly prescribed to dogs with acute diarrhoea, while nutraceuticals (prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics) are frequently administered as an alternative treatment. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the effectiveness of antimicrobials and nutraceutical preparations for treatment of canine acute diarrhoea (CAD). The results of this study will be used to create evidence-based treatment guidelines. PICOs (population, intervention, comparator, and outcome) were generated by a multidisciplinary expert panel taking into account opinions from stakeholders (general practitioners and dog owners). The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology was used to evaluate the certainty of the evidence. The systematic search yielded six randomised controlled trials (RCT) for antimicrobial treatment and six RCTs for nutraceutical treatment meeting the eligibility criteria. Categories of disease severity (mild, moderate, and severe) were created based on the presence of systemic signs and response to fluid therapy. Outcomes included duration of diarrhoea, duration of hospitalization, progression of disease, mortality, and adverse effects. High certainty evidence showed that antimicrobial treatment did not have a clinically relevant effect on any outcome in dogs with mild or moderate disease. Certainty of evidence was low for dogs with severe disease. Nutraceutical products did not show a clinically significant effect in shortening the duration of diarrhoea (based on very low to moderate certainty evidence). No adverse effects were reported in any of the studies.

• Keywords
• Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, Antimicrobial stewardship, Evidence-based, Metronidazole, Probiotics,
• MeSH
• Acute Disease MeSH
• Anti-Bacterial Agents therapeutic use   MeSH
• Anti-Infective Agents therapeutic use   MeSH
• Dog Diseases * drug therapy   MeSH
• Dietary Supplements * MeSH
• Probiotics therapeutic use   MeSH
• Diarrhea * veterinary   drug therapy   MeSH
• Dogs MeSH
• Practice Guidelines as Topic MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Dogs MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Meta-Analysis MeSH
• Systematic Review MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Anti-Bacterial Agents MeSH
• Anti-Infective Agents MeSH

Microbial infections caused by a variety of drug-resistant microorganisms are more common, but there are fewer and fewer approved new antimicrobial chemotherapeutics for systemic administration capable of acting against these resistant infectious pathogens. Formulation innovations of existing drugs are gaining prominence, while the application of nanotechnologies is a useful alternative for improving/increasing the effect of existing antimicrobial drugs. Nanomaterials represent one of the possible strategies to address this unfortunate situation. This review aims to summarize the most current results of nanoformulations of antibiotics and antibacterial active nanomaterials. Nanoformulations of antimicrobial peptides, synergistic combinations of antimicrobial-active agents with nitric oxide donors or combinations of small organic molecules or polymers with metals, metal oxides or metalloids are discussed as well. The mechanisms of actions of selected nanoformulations, including systems with magnetic, photothermal or photodynamic effects, are briefly described.

• Keywords
• antibiotics, metalloids, metals, nanoformulations, nanomaterials, nanoparticles, polymers,
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Review MeSH

Biomechanical preparation alone does not completely eradicate microorganisms from the root canal, hence the next logical step is to perform root canal procedures in conjunction with antimicrobials. The use of an antimicrobial agent improves the efficacy and prognosis of endodontic treatment. This review enumerates the most widely used antimicrobial agents, their mechanism of action and their potential use in reducing the microbial load.

• MeSH
• Drug Resistance, Microbial MeSH
• Anti-Infective Agents, Local therapeutic use   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Root Canal Therapy * MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Review MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Anti-Infective Agents, Local MeSH