Human LLT1 is a C-type lectin-like ligand of NKR-P1 (CD161, gene KLRB1), a C-type lectin-like receptor of natural killer cells. Using X-ray diffraction, the first experimental structures of human LLT1 were determined. Four structures of LLT1 under various conditions were determined: monomeric, dimeric deglycosylated after the first N-acetylglucosamine unit in two forms and hexameric with homogeneous GlcNAc2Man5 glycosylation. The dimeric form follows the classical dimerization mode of human CD69. The monomeric form keeps the same fold with the exception of the position of an outer part of the long loop region. The hexamer of glycosylated LLT1 consists of three classical dimers. The hexameric packing may indicate a possible mode of interaction of C-type lectin-like proteins in the glycosylated form.

• Klíčová slova
• C-type lectin-like ligand, LLT1,
• MeSH
• glykosylace MeSH
• kvarterní struktura proteinů MeSH
• lektinové receptory NK-buněk - podrodina B chemie   genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• lektiny typu C chemie   genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• multimerizace proteinu * MeSH
• receptory buněčného povrchu chemie   genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• CLEC2D protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• KLRB1 protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• lektinové receptory NK-buněk - podrodina B MeSH
• lektiny typu C MeSH
• receptory buněčného povrchu MeSH

Working at the border between innate and adaptive immunity, natural killer (NK) cells play a key role in the immune system by protecting healthy cells and by eliminating malignantly transformed, stressed or virally infected cells. NK cell recognition of a target cell is mediated by a receptor "zipper" consisting of various activating and inhibitory receptors, including C-type lectin-like receptors. Among this major group of receptors, two of the largest rodent receptor families are the NKR-P1 and the Clr receptor families. Although these families have been shown to encode receptor-ligand pairs involved in MHC-independent self-nonself discrimination and are a target for immune evasion by tumour cells and viruses, structural mechanisms of their mutual recognition remain less well characterized. Therefore, we developed a non-viral eukaryotic expression system based on transient transfection of suspension-adapted human embryonic kidney 293 cells to produce soluble native disulphide dimers of NK cell C-type lectin-like receptor ectodomains. The expression system was optimized using green fluorescent protein and secreted alkaline phosphatase, easily quantifiable markers of recombinant protein production. We describe an application of this approach to the recombinant protein production and characterization of native rat NKR-P1B and Clr-11 proteins suitable for further structural and functional studies.

• MeSH
• HEK293 buňky MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• lektinové receptory NK-buněk - podrodina B chemie   genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• multimerizace proteinu MeSH
• protein podobný kalcitoninovému receptoru chemie   genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• proteinové domény MeSH
• proteinové inženýrství metody   MeSH
• rekombinantní proteiny chemie   genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• Calcrl protein, rat MeSH Prohlížeč
• lektinové receptory NK-buněk - podrodina B MeSH
• protein podobný kalcitoninovému receptoru MeSH
• rekombinantní proteiny MeSH

Recognition of glycosylation patterns is one of the basic features of innate immunity. Ability of C-type lectin-like receptors such as NKR-P1 to bind saccharide moieties has become recently a controversial issue. In the present study, binding assay with soluble fluorescently labeled recombinant rat NKR-P1A and mouse NKR-P1C proteins revealed apparently no affinity to the various neoglycoproteins. Lack of functional linkage between NKR-P1 and previously described saccharide binder was supported by the fact, that synthetic N-acetyl-D-glucosamine octabranched dendrimer on polyamidoamine scaffold (GN8P) did not change gene expression of NKR-P1 isoforms in C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice divergent in the NK gene complex (both in vitro and in vivo). Surprisingly, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-coated tetrabranched polyamido-amine dendrimer specifically binds to NKT cells and macrophages but not to NK cells (consistently with changes in cytokine patterns). Despite the fact that GN8P has been tested as an immunomodulator in anti-cancer treatment animal models for many years, surprisingly no changes in cytokine profiles in serum relevant to anti-cancer responses using B16F10 and CT26 harboring mouse strains C57BL/6 and BALB/c are observed. Our results indicate possible indirect involvement of NK cells in GN8P mediated immune responses.

• Klíčová slova
• Anti-tumor immunity, C-type lectin related protein, Carbohydrate dendrimer, Clr, GN4P-A: GlcNAc4-PAMAM-ATTO 565, GN4P-NH(2)-GlcNAc(4)-PAMAM, GN4P: GlcNAc4-PAMAM, GN8P: GlcNAc8-PAMAM, GlcNAc, Gzmb, Macrophages, N-acetyl-d-glucosamine, N-acetyl-d-glucosamine-coated octabranched polyamidoamine dendrimer, N-acetyl-d-glucosamine-coated tetrabranched polyamidoamine dendrimer, N-acetyl-d-glucosamine-coated tetrabranched polyamidoamine dendrimer fluorescently labeled with ATTO 565, N-acetyl-d-glucosamine-coated tetrabranched polyamidoamine dendrimer with free NH(2) group, NK cells, NKG2D, NKR-P1, NKR-P1 receptors, NKT cells, PAMAM dendrimer, PMA, Prf, SBA, SMC, granzyme B, natural killer group 2, member D, natural killer receptor protein 1, perforin, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, polyamidoamine dendrimer, soybean agglutinin, spleen mononuclear cell,
• MeSH
• acetylglukosamin imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• buňky NK imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• dendrimery metabolismus   MeSH
• experimentální nádory farmakoterapie   genetika   imunologie   MeSH
• exprese genu účinky léků   imunologie   MeSH
• glykokonjugáty imunologie   metabolismus   farmakologie   MeSH
• interferon gama krev   genetika   imunologie   MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• kultivované buňky MeSH
• lektinové receptory NK-buněk - podrodina B genetika   imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• lektiny typu C genetika   imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• makrofágy imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• myši inbrední BALB C MeSH
• myši inbrední C57BL MeSH
• myši MeSH
• nádorové buněčné linie MeSH
• NKT buňky imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• oligosacharidy imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• polyaminy imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• polymerázová řetězová reakce s reverzní transkripcí MeSH
• protein - isoformy genetika   imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• průtoková cytometrie MeSH
• slezina cytologie   imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• TNF-alfa krev   genetika   imunologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• acetylglukosamin MeSH
• dendrimery MeSH
• glykokonjugáty MeSH
• interferon gama MeSH
• lektinové receptory NK-buněk - podrodina B MeSH
• lektiny typu C MeSH
• oligosacharidy MeSH
• Poly(amidoamine) MeSH Prohlížeč
• polyaminy MeSH
• protein - isoformy MeSH
• TNF-alfa MeSH

The cytotoxicity of mouse natural killer (NK) cells in response to pathological changes in target cells is regulated via the Nkrp1b receptor. Here, we characterized the Nkrp1b structure and structural features (stalk, loop, and oligomerization state) that affect its interactions. To study the Nkrp1b protein structure and the functional importance of its stalk, two Nkrp1b protein variants differing by the presence of the stalk were prepared. These variants were studied using a combination of structural mass spectrometry approaches with computational modeling to derive structural models. In addition, information about biological activity and localization in mammalian cells was acquired using scanning microscopy techniques and western blotting. Based on these methods, we obtained the structure of Nkrp1b ectodomain in its monomeric and dimeric conformations, identified the dimerization interface, and determined disulfide connections within the molecule. We found that Nkrp1b occurs as a mixture of monomers and homodimers, both in vitro and in vivo. SIGNIFICANCE: Despite the long-standing assumption that Nkrp1 proteins are homodimers connected by disulfide bonds in the stalk region, our data showed that both Nkrp1b protein variants form monomers and homodimers irrespective of the presence of the stalk. We demonstrated that the stalk is not crucial for protein dimerization or ligand binding and that Nkrp1b interacts with its natural ligands only in its monomeric conformation; therefore, dimers may have another regulatory function. Using a unique combination of computational, biochemical, and biological methods, we revealed the structural conformation and behavior of Nkrp1b in its native state. In addition, it is a first report utilizing the intermolecular chemical cross-linking of light- and heavy-labeled protein chains together with ion mobility-mass spectrometry to design the structural models of protein homodimers.

• Klíčová slova
• Chemical cross-linking, Homodimers, Ion mobility, Natural killer cells, Nkrp1b, Structural mass spectrometry,
• MeSH
• lektinové receptory NK-buněk - podrodina B chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• molekulární modely * MeSH
• multimerizace proteinu * MeSH
• myši inbrední BALB C MeSH
• myši MeSH
• proteomika * MeSH
• sekundární struktura proteinů MeSH
• vztahy mezi strukturou a aktivitou MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• lektinové receptory NK-buněk - podrodina B MeSH

• MeSH
• antigeny povrchové metabolismus   MeSH
• buňky NK imunologie   MeSH
• glykokonjugáty chemie   imunologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• glykosylace MeSH
• imunoterapie MeSH
• kolorektální nádory imunologie   terapie   MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• lektinové receptory NK-buněk - podrodina B MeSH
• lektiny typu C MeSH
• lektiny chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• ligandy MeSH
• melanom experimentální imunologie   terapie   MeSH
• myši inbrední C57BL MeSH
• myši MeSH
• receptory mitogenů metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antigeny povrchové MeSH
• glykokonjugáty MeSH
• lektinové receptory NK-buněk - podrodina B MeSH
• lektiny typu C MeSH
• lektiny MeSH
• ligandy MeSH
• receptory mitogenů MeSH

As a part of the innate immunity, NK (Natural Killer) cells provide an early immune response to different stimuli, e.g. viral infections and tumor growths. However, their functions are more complex; they play an important role in reproduction, alloimmunity, autoimmunity and allergic diseases. NK cell activities require an intricate system of regulation that is ensured by many different receptors on a cell surface which integrate signals from interacting cells and soluble factors. One way to understand NK cell biology is through the structure of NK receptors, which can reveal ligand binding conditions. We present a modified protocol for recombinant expression in Escherichia coli and in vitro refolding of the ligand-binding domain of the inhibitory Nkrp1b (SJL/J) protein. Nkrp1b identity and folding was confirmed using mass spectrometry (accurate mass of the intact protein and evaluation of disulfide bonds) and one-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The intention is to provide the basis for conducting structural studies of the inhibitory Nkrp1b protein, since only the activating Nkrp1a receptor structure is known.

• MeSH
• buněčná inkluze MeSH
• disulfidy chemie   MeSH
• Escherichia coli metabolismus   MeSH
• hmotnostní spektrometrie MeSH
• lektinové receptory NK-buněk - podrodina B biosyntéza   chemie   genetika   MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční spektroskopie MeSH
• molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
• myši MeSH
• refolding proteinů MeSH
• rekombinantní proteiny biosyntéza   MeSH
• sekvence aminokyselin MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• disulfidy MeSH
• Klrb1b protein, mouse MeSH Prohlížeč
• lektinové receptory NK-buněk - podrodina B MeSH
• rekombinantní proteiny MeSH

• MeSH
• aktivace lymfocytů MeSH
• antigeny povrchové chemie   fyziologie   MeSH
• buňky NK imunologie   MeSH
• CD antigeny chemie   fyziologie   MeSH
• cytotoxicita imunologická * MeSH
• diferenciační antigeny T-lymfocytů chemie   fyziologie   MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• lektinové receptory NK-buněk - podrodina B MeSH
• lektiny typu C * MeSH
• ligandy MeSH
• modely strukturální MeSH
• nádory imunologie   MeSH
• oligosacharidy metabolismus   MeSH
• receptory imunologické chemie   fyziologie   MeSH
• vápník metabolismus   farmakologie   MeSH
• vazebná místa MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antigeny povrchové MeSH
• CD antigeny MeSH
• CD69 antigen MeSH Prohlížeč
• diferenciační antigeny T-lymfocytů MeSH
• lektinové receptory NK-buněk - podrodina B MeSH
• lektiny typu C * MeSH
• ligandy MeSH
• oligosacharidy MeSH
• receptory imunologické MeSH
• vápník MeSH

Signaling by the human C-type lectin-like receptor, natural killer (NK) cell inhibitory receptor NKR-P1, has a critical role in many immune-related diseases and cancer. C-type lectin-like receptors have weak affinities to their ligands; therefore, setting up a comprehensive model of NKR-P1-LLT1 interactions that considers the natural state of the receptor on the cell surface is necessary to understand its functions. Here we report the crystal structures of the NKR-P1 and NKR-P1:LLT1 complexes, which provides evidence that NKR-P1 forms homodimers in an unexpected arrangement to enable LLT1 binding in two modes, bridging two LLT1 molecules. These interaction clusters are suggestive of an inhibitory immune synapse. By observing the formation of these clusters in solution using SEC-SAXS analysis, by dSTORM super-resolution microscopy on the cell surface, and by following their role in receptor signaling with freshly isolated NK cells, we show that only the ligation of both LLT1 binding interfaces leads to effective NKR-P1 inhibitory signaling. In summary, our findings collectively support a model of NKR-P1:LLT1 clustering, which allows the interacting proteins to overcome weak ligand-receptor affinity and to trigger signal transduction upon cellular contact in the immune synapse.

• MeSH
• antigeny povrchové MeSH
• buňky NK * MeSH
• difrakce rentgenového záření MeSH
• lektinové receptory NK-buněk - podrodina B MeSH
• lektiny typu C MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• ligandy MeSH
• maloúhlový rozptyl MeSH
• receptory buněčného povrchu * MeSH
• shluková analýza MeSH
• synapse MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antigeny povrchové MeSH
• lektinové receptory NK-buněk - podrodina B MeSH
• lektiny typu C MeSH
• ligandy MeSH
• receptory buněčného povrchu * MeSH

Human natural killer receptor protein 1 (NKR-P1, CD161, gene klrb1) is a C-type lectin-like receptor of natural killer (NK) cells responsible for recognition of its cognate protein ligand lectin-like transcript 1 (LLT1). NKR-P1 is the single human orthologue of the prototypical rodent NKR-P1 receptors. Naturally, human NKR-P1 is expressed on the surface of NK cells, where it serves as inhibitory receptor; and on T and NKT cells functioning as co-stimulatory receptor promoting secretion of IFNγ. Most notably, it is expressed on Th17 and Tc17 lymphocytes where presumably promotes targeting into LLT1 expressing immunologically privileged niches. We tested effect of different protein tags (SUMO, TRX, GST, MsyB) on expression of soluble NKR-P1 in E. coli. Then we optimized the expression construct of soluble NKR-P1 by preparing a library of expression constructs in pOPING vector containing the extracellular lectin-like domain with different length of the putative N-terminal stalk region and tested its expression in Sf9 and HEK293 cells. Finally, a high-level expression of soluble NKR-P1 was achieved by stable expression in suspension-adapted HEK293S GnTI- cells utilizing pOPINGTTneo expression vector. Purified soluble NKR-P1 is homogeneous, deglycosylatable, crystallizable and monomeric in solution, as shown by size-exclusion chromatography, multi-angle light scattering and analytical ultracentrifugation.

• Klíčová slova
• CD161, HEK293, LLT1, NK cells, NKR-P1, klrb1,
• MeSH
• bioreaktory MeSH
• buňky NK metabolismus   MeSH
• buňky Th17 metabolismus   MeSH
• Escherichia coli genetika   MeSH
• HEK293 buňky MeSH
• lektinové receptory NK-buněk - podrodina B biosyntéza   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• lektiny typu C metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• ligandy MeSH
• receptory buněčného povrchu metabolismus   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• CLEC2D protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• KLRB1 protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• lektinové receptory NK-buněk - podrodina B MeSH
• lektiny typu C MeSH
• ligandy MeSH
• receptory buněčného povrchu MeSH

Aminosugars have a good affinity for the NKR-P1A protein, the major activating receptor at the surface of rat natural killer cells. We have systematically investigated the structural requirements of the recombinant soluble dimeric form of the receptor for its optimal carbohydrate ligands. While N-acetylD-mannosamine was the best neutral monosaccharide ligand, its participation in the context of an extended oligosaccharide sequence was equally important. The IC(50) value for the GalNAcbeta1 --> ManNAc disaccharide was nearly 10(-10) M with a further possible increase depending on the type of the glycosidic linkage and the aglycon nature. From the point of view of its availability, stability, and affinity for the receptor and a potential in vivo use, these studies are pivotal for the design of an oligosaccharide or glycomimetics suitable for further clustering into the multivalent glycodendrimers.

• MeSH
• antigeny povrchové chemie   účinky léků   genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• buňky NK účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• konformace sacharidů MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• lektinové receptory NK-buněk - podrodina B MeSH
• lektiny typu C * MeSH
• oligosacharidy chemie   farmakologie   MeSH
• rekombinantní proteiny chemie   účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• sacharidy chemie   MeSH
• sbalování proteinů MeSH
• vztahy mezi strukturou a aktivitou MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• odvolaná publikace MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antigeny povrchové MeSH
• lektinové receptory NK-buněk - podrodina B MeSH
• lektiny typu C * MeSH
• oligosacharidy MeSH
• rekombinantní proteiny MeSH
• sacharidy MeSH