The development of the concept of the demographic transition is considered. In addition to the work of Adolph Landry, attention is given to the pioneering work of the Polish lawyer Leon Rabinowicz. The theoretical works of both authors and of other writers on this topic are discussed. (summary in ENG, RUS)

• Klíčová slova
• Demographic Factors, Demographic Transition *, Demography, Historical Survey *, Population, Population Dynamics, Population Theory *, Social Sciences,
• MeSH
• demografie MeSH
• populace MeSH
• populační dynamika * MeSH
• sociální vědy MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH

Factors affecting human reproduction following the demographic transition are examined. In particular, the author looks at the prospects for the countries that first experienced the transition of raising levels of fertility that will ensure population replacement. (SUMMARY IN CZE)

• Klíčová slova
• Demographic Factors, Demographic Transition *, Fertility *, Population, Population Dynamics, Population Replacement *, Reproduction *, World *,
• MeSH
• demografie MeSH
• fertilita * MeSH
• populace MeSH
• populační dynamika * MeSH
• rozmnožování * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The author analyzes demographic trends in Latvia over the last 100 years, with particular attention to patterns of population composition and reproduction. Information is included on population growth, urbanization, sex and age structure, social and economic structure, educational levels, ethnic structure, family structure, marriages and divorces, fertility, and mortality (SUMMARY IN CZE)

• Klíčová slova
• Demographic Factors *, Demography, Developed Countries, Estimation Technics, Historical Demography *, Historical Survey *, Population, Population Characteristics *, Population Dynamics *, Population Growth Estimation *, Research Methodology, Social Sciences, Ussr *,
• MeSH
• demografie * MeSH
• populace MeSH
• populační charakteristiky * MeSH
• populační dynamika * MeSH
• populační růst * MeSH
• sociální vědy MeSH
• statistika jako téma MeSH
• vyspělé země MeSH
• výzkum MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• SSSR MeSH

Demographic interaction processes play a pivotal role during episodes of cultural diffusion between different populations, particularly when these episodes can lead to competition for the same resources and geographic space. The diffusion of farming is one prototypical case within this broader scenario, where groups of incumbent hunter-gatherers occupied a space which would later be claimed by expanding farmers. In this work, we tackle such processes through a two-population mathematical model, where farmers and foragers compete and interact in the same geographic space. We present this work as a conceptual approach where, first, we assess the implications of our theoretical model and its general applicability and, second, we empirically test it on three case studies: Denmark, Eastern Iberia, and the island of Kyushu (Japan). While these regional case studies do not encompass the full range of processes observed in the interaction between migrant farmers and incumbent hunter-gatherers they provide reasonable variation to illustrate how our model can be fitted to a diverse range of empirical data and provide insights into these demographic processes. In particular, our theoretical model and case studies illustrate how endogenous interaction processes alone can explain the demographic fluctuations observed in the archaeological record during this transition, highlighting how these should be accounted for before invoking external forces as primary drivers.

• Klíčová slova
• demographic interaction, dynamic modelling, farming expansion, group competition, population dynamics,
• MeSH
• archeologie MeSH
• demografie * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• populační dynamika * MeSH
• teoretické modely MeSH
• zemědělci * MeSH
• zemědělství * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Dánsko MeSH
• Japonsko MeSH

The author reviews demographic trends in the Czech Republic during the 1970s. The focus is on increased fertility during this period, and reasons for the increase. The impact of various social and pronatalist measures is analyzed. (ANNOTATION)

• Klíčová slova
• Czech Republic, Demographic Factors, Demographic Impact *, Developed Countries, Eastern Europe, Europe, Fertility Determinants *, Fertility--changes *, Policy, Population, Population Dynamics *, Population Policy, Pronatalist Policy *, Social Policy *,
• MeSH
• demografie * MeSH
• fertilita * MeSH
• politika plánování rodičovství * MeSH
• populace MeSH
• populační dynamika * MeSH
• veřejná politika * MeSH
• vyspělé země MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Evropa MeSH
• východní Evropa MeSH

Current demographic trends in Czechoslovakia are described. Consideration is given to age distribution, fertility, nuptiality, divorce, mortality, and population growth. The data are presented separately for the two constituent republics.

• Klíčová slova
• Age Distribution *, Age Factors, Czechoslovakia, Demographic Factors, Developed Countries, Divorce *, Eastern Europe *, Europe, Fertility *, Geographic Factors *, Mortality *, Nuptiality *, Population, Population Characteristics, Population Dynamics *, Population Growth *,
• MeSH
• demografie MeSH
• fertilita * MeSH
• manželství * MeSH
• mortalita * MeSH
• populace MeSH
• populační charakteristiky MeSH
• populační dynamika * MeSH
• populační růst * MeSH
• rozvod * MeSH
• věkové faktory MeSH
• věkové rozložení * MeSH
• vyspělé země MeSH
• zeměpis * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Československo MeSH
• Evropa MeSH
• východní Evropa MeSH

The author presents a brief review of demographic development in Czechoslovakia in 1979. He analyzes trends in nuptiality, fertility, mortality, divorce, abortion, and migration and examines the effects of various socioeconomic factors on these trends

• Klíčová slova
• Czechoslovakia, Demographic Factors, Developed Countries, Eastern Europe, Economic Factors, Estimation Technics, Europe, Population, Population Dynamics *, Population Growth Estimation *, Population Growth--changes *, Research Methodology, Socioeconomic Factors *,
• MeSH
• demografie MeSH
• ekonomika MeSH
• populace MeSH
• populační dynamika * MeSH
• populační růst * MeSH
• socioekonomické faktory * MeSH
• statistika jako téma MeSH
• vyspělé země MeSH
• výzkum MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Československo MeSH
• Evropa MeSH
• východní Evropa MeSH

"The general solution of related estimation and inference problems we can specify as application of Fisher scoring algorithm for maximum likelihood estimators with constraints (in Section 2).... Application to regional fertility patterns (in Section 3) yields the simultaneous solutions of tasks about structural fertility differentiations which have not been presented with correct stochastic evaluation.... The functions used for approximations of age-specific fertility schedules coincide with the most usual types of curves described in demographic literature...." (SUMMARY IN CZE)

• Klíčová slova
• Age Specific Fertility Rate *, Birth Rate, Demographic Factors, Estimation Technics *, Fertility, Fertility Measurements, Fertility Rate, Geographic Factors *, Mathematical Model *, Models, Theoretical, Population, Population Dynamics, Research Methodology, World *,
• MeSH
• demografie MeSH
• fertilita MeSH
• populace MeSH
• populační dynamika MeSH
• porodnost MeSH
• statistika jako téma * MeSH
• teoretické modely * MeSH
• věk matky * MeSH
• výzkum MeSH
• zeměpis * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The results of a comparison of official demographic indicators for Czechoslovakia and Austria are presented. The main differences concern the fact that the Czechoslovak population is younger and has higher fertility.

• Klíčová slova
• Age Distribution *, Age Factors, Austria, Comparative Studies, Czechoslovakia, Demographic Factors, Developed Countries, Eastern Europe *, Europe, Fertility *, Population, Population Characteristics, Population Dynamics *, Population Statistics, Research Methodology, Vital Statistics *, Western Europe *,
• MeSH
• demografie MeSH
• fertilita * MeSH
• populace MeSH
• populační charakteristiky MeSH
• populační dynamika * MeSH
• statistika přirozeného pohybu * MeSH
• věkové faktory MeSH
• věkové rozložení * MeSH
• vyspělé země MeSH
• výzkum MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Československo MeSH
• Evropa MeSH
• Rakousko MeSH
• východní Evropa MeSH

The author summarizes the results of a 1985 nationwide survey of married women in Czechoslovakia. Findings are presented on number of children by age of woman and on realized and desired family size by age of woman. Comparisons are made with similar data for the years 1978 and 1981.

• Klíčová slova
• Age Factors *, Comparative Studies, Czechoslovakia, Demographic Factors, Demographic Surveys *, Developed Countries, Eastern Europe *, Europe, Family And Household, Family Characteristics *, Family Planning *, Family Size *, Family Size, Desired *, Family Size, Ideal *, Fertility *, Fertility Measurements, Marital Fertility *, Parity *, Population, Population Characteristics--women *, Population Dynamics, Summary Report *,
• MeSH
• charakteristiky rodiny * MeSH
• demografie * MeSH
• fertilita * MeSH
• parita * MeSH
• populace MeSH
• populační charakteristiky * MeSH
• populační dynamika MeSH
• porodnost MeSH
• služby plánování rodičovství * MeSH
• věkové faktory * MeSH
• vyspělé země MeSH
• výzkum * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Československo MeSH
• Evropa MeSH
• východní Evropa MeSH