• MeSH
• cirkadiánní rytmus fyziologie   MeSH
• elektrický šok MeSH
• fyzikální stimulace MeSH
• ryby fyziologie   MeSH
• učení vyhýbat se fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• MeSH
• adrenokortikotropní hormon farmakologie   MeSH
• dexamethason farmakologie   MeSH
• hypofýza fyziologie   MeSH
• hypofyzektomie MeSH
• inbrední kmeny potkanů MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• nízká teplota * MeSH
• učení vyhýbat se účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• adrenokortikotropní hormon MeSH
• dexamethason MeSH

The prevention of engram interference, pattern separation, flexibility, cognitive coordination and spatial navigation are usually studied separately at the behavioral level. Impairment in executive functions is often observed in patients suffering from schizophrenia. We have designed a protocol for assessing these functions all together as behavioral separation. This protocol is based on alternated or sequential training in two tasks testing different hippocampal functions (the Morris water maze and active place avoidance), and alternated or sequential training in two similar environments of the active place avoidance task. In Experiment 1, we tested, in adult rats, whether the performance in two different spatial tasks was affected by their order in sequential learning, or by their day-to-day alternation. In Experiment 2, rats learned to solve the active place avoidance task in two environments either alternately or sequentially. We found that rats are able to acquire both tasks and to discriminate both similar contexts without obvious problems regardless of the order or the alternation. We used two groups of rats, controls and a rat model of psychosis induced by a subchronic intraperitoneal application of 0.08mg/kg of dizocilpine (MK-801), a non-competitive antagonist of NMDA receptors. Dizocilpine had no selective effect on parallel/sequential learning of tasks/contexts. However, it caused hyperlocomotion and a significant deficit in learning in the active place avoidance task regardless of the task alternation. Cognitive coordination tested by this task is probably more sensitive to dizocilpine than spatial orientation because no hyperactivity or learning impairment was observed in the Morris water maze.

• Klíčová slova
• Active place avoidance, Context alternation, Dizocilpine, Morris water maze, Schizophrenia, Task alternation,
• MeSH
• analýza rozptylu MeSH
• antagonisté excitačních aminokyselin toxicita   MeSH
• bludiště - učení účinky léků   MeSH
• dizocilpinmaleát toxicita   MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• lokomoce účinky léků   MeSH
• modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
• poruchy učení chemicky indukované   patofyziologie   MeSH
• potkani Long-Evans MeSH
• reakční čas účinky léků   MeSH
• učení vyhýbat se účinky léků   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antagonisté excitačních aminokyselin MeSH
• dizocilpinmaleát MeSH

Administration of a non-competitive NMDA antagonist dizocilpine (MK-801) was proposed to be an animal model of psychosis. NMDA-receptor blockade is accompanied by increased locomotion, behavioral deficits, and other changes resembling psychotic symptoms. However, the role of NMDA-receptors in organizing brain representations is not understood yet. We tested the effect of NMDA-receptor blockade by systemic administration of dizocilpine at two different doses (0.1 or 0.2 mg/kg) in a recently designed Active Allothetic Place Avoidance (AAPA), a task which requires rats to separate spatial stimuli from two continuously dissociated subsets. The effect of dizocilpine on learning in the AAPA task was compared with its effect on acquisition of the reference memory version of the Morris Water Maze task. Both doses impaired performance in the Morris Water Maze task, whereas only the higher dose impaired performance in the AAPA task. The Morris Water Maze appears to be more sensitive to dizocilpine-induced behavioral deficit than the AAPA task. These findings support the notion that these two tasks are differentially dependent on the NMDA-receptor function.

• MeSH
• bludiště - učení účinky léků   MeSH
• dizocilpinmaleát farmakologie   MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
• potkani Long-Evans MeSH
• psychotické poruchy psychologie   MeSH
• receptory N-methyl-D-aspartátu antagonisté a inhibitory   fyziologie   MeSH
• učení vyhýbat se účinky léků   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• dizocilpinmaleát MeSH
• receptory N-methyl-D-aspartátu MeSH

Schizophrenia is a devastating disorder affecting 1 % of the world's population. An important role in the study of this disease is played by animal models. Since there is evidence that acute psychotic episodes can have consequences on later cognitive functioning, the present study has investigated the effects of a single systemic application of higher doses of (+)MK-801 (3 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg) to adult male Long-Evans rats from the Institute's breeding colony on delayed testing in the active place avoidance task with reversal on the Carousel (a rotating arena). Besides significant mortality due to the injections, a disruption of procedural functions in active place avoidance, after the dose 5 mg/kg was observed. It was concluded that Long-Evans rats from our breeding colony do not represent a suitable biomodel for studying the effects of single high-dose NMDA antagonists.

• MeSH
• antagonisté excitačních aminokyselin aplikace a dávkování   toxicita   MeSH
• dizocilpinmaleát aplikace a dávkování   toxicita   MeSH
• kognitivní poruchy chemicky indukované   psychologie   MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• potkani Long-Evans MeSH
• psychomotorický výkon účinky léků   MeSH
• reverzní učení účinky léků   MeSH
• toxické psychózy psychologie   MeSH
• učení vyhýbat se účinky léků   MeSH
• úniková reakce účinky léků   MeSH
• vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antagonisté excitačních aminokyselin MeSH
• dizocilpinmaleát MeSH

Inhibitors of cholinesterase are important drugs for therapy of Alzheimer's disease and the search for new modifications is extensive, including dual inhibitors or multi-target hybrid compounds. The aim of the present study was a preliminary evaluation of pro-cognitive effects of newly-developed 7-MEOTA-donepezil like hybrids (compounds no. 1 and 2) and N-alkylated tacrine derivatives (compounds no. 3 and 4) using an animal model of pharmacologically-induced cognitive deficit. Male Wistar rats were subjected to tests of learning and memory in a water maze and step-through passive avoidance task. Cognitive impairment was induced by 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB, 2mgkg(-1)), administered intraperitoneally 1h before training sessions. Cholinesterase inhibitors were administered as a single therapeutic dose following the QNB at 30min at the following dose rates; 1 (25.6mgkg(-1)), 2 (12.3mgkg(-1)), 3 (5.7mgkg(-1)), 4 (5.2mgkg(-1)). The decrease in total path within the 10-swim session (water maze), the preference for target quadrant (water maze) and the entrance latency (passive avoidance) were taken as indicators of learning ability in rats. The effects of novel compounds were compared to that of standards tacrine (5.2mgkg(-1)) and donepezil (2.65mgkg(-1)). QNB significantly impaired spatial navigation as well as fear learning. Generally, the performance of rats was improved when treated with novel inhibitors and this effect reached efficiency of standard donepezil at selected doses. There was a significant improvement in the groups treated with compounds 2 and 3 in all behavioral tasks. The rest of the novel compounds succeed in the passive avoidance test. In summary, the potential of novel inhibitors (especially compounds 2 and 3) was proved and further detailed evaluation of these compounds as potential drugs for Alzheimer's disease treatment is proposed.

• Klíčová slova
• 7-MEOTA, Acetylcholinesterase, Donepezil, Passive avoidance, Water maze,
• MeSH
• Alzheimerova nemoc farmakoterapie   MeSH
• antagonisté muskarinových receptorů * MeSH
• bludiště - učení účinky léků   MeSH
• chinuklidinylbenzilát * MeSH
• cholinesterasové inhibitory chemická syntéza   farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• donepezil MeSH
• indany farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• kognitivní poruchy chemicky indukované   farmakoterapie   psychologie   MeSH
• piperidiny farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• takrin analogy a deriváty   chemická syntéza   farmakologie   MeSH
• učení vyhýbat se účinky léků   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antagonisté muskarinových receptorů * MeSH
• chinuklidinylbenzilát * MeSH
• cholinesterasové inhibitory MeSH
• donepezil MeSH
• indany MeSH
• piperidiny MeSH
• takrin MeSH

Sexually transmitted infections are ubiquitous in nature and affect many populations. The key process for their transmission is mating, usually preceded by mate choice. Susceptible individuals may avoid mating with infected individuals to prevent infection provided it is recognizable. We show that accounting for infection avoidance significantly alters host population dynamics. We observe bistability between the disease-free and endemic or disease-induced extinction equilibria, significant abrupt reduction in the host population size and disease-induced host extinction. From the population persistence perspective, the best strategy is either not to avoid mating with the infected individuals, to prevent disease-induced host extinction, or to completely avoid mating with the infected individuals, to prevent pathogen invasion. Increasing sterilization efficiency of the infection leads to lower population sizes and reduced effect of mating avoidance. We also find that the disease-free state is more often attained by populations with strong polyandry, whereas a high-density endemic state is more often observed for populations with strong polygyny, suggesting that polygamy rather than monogamy may be promoted in denser host populations.

• Klíčová slova
• Mate choice, Mating preferences, Mating system, Reproduction-transmission consistency, Sterilization,
• MeSH
• biologické modely * MeSH
• hustota populace * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• populační dynamika * MeSH
• sexuálně přenosné nemoci * epidemiologie   přenos   MeSH
• sexuální chování zvířat * MeSH
• sexuální chování * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Of the two generally recognized processes through which learning occurs--imprinting and conditioning--only the latter with its two paradigms, classical and operant, has both practical and heuristic implications for disease. From the classical conditioning experiments of Pavlov's laboratory over 100 years ago to the later work in operant conditioning by Skinner and others in the past four decades has evolved much of the basis of modern learning theory and its applications to disease in the form of behavior therapy. Variants of behavior therapy have been employed in the treatment of wide variety of medical and psychiatric illnesses. Recent developments in the study of brain function and biochemistry have led to renewed interest in the conditioning paradigm and its value as tool in these areas of research.

• MeSH
• behaviorální terapie MeSH
• elektrokonvulzívní terapie MeSH
• homeostáza MeSH
• homosexualita MeSH
• klasické podmiňování * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nemoc patofyziologie   MeSH
• posilování (psychologie) MeSH
• psi MeSH
• sociální chování MeSH
• učení vyhýbat se MeSH
• učení * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• psi MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

BACKGROUND & AIMS: A better understanding of prognostic factors within the heterogeneous spectrum of pediatric Crohn's disease (CD) should improve patient management and reduce complications. We aimed to identify evidence-based predictors of outcomes with the goal of optimizing individual patient management. METHODS: A survey of 202 experts in pediatric CD identified and prioritized adverse outcomes to be avoided. A systematic review of the literature with meta-analysis, when possible, was performed to identify clinical studies that investigated predictors of these outcomes. Multiple national and international face-to-face meetings were held to draft consensus statements based on the published evidence. RESULTS: Consensus was reached on 27 statements regarding prognostic factors for surgery, complications, chronically active pediatric CD, and hospitalization. Prognostic factors for surgery included CD diagnosis during adolescence, growth impairment, NOD2/CARD15 polymorphisms, disease behavior, and positive anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibody status. Isolated colonic disease was associated with fewer surgeries. Older age at presentation, small bowel disease, serology (anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibody, antiflagellin, and OmpC), NOD2/CARD15 polymorphisms, perianal disease, and ethnicity were risk factors for penetrating (B3) and/or stenotic disease (B2). Male sex, young age at onset, small bowel disease, more active disease, and diagnostic delay may be associated with growth impairment. Malnutrition and higher disease activity were associated with reduced bone density. CONCLUSIONS: These evidence-based consensus statements offer insight into predictors of poor outcomes in pediatric CD and are valuable when developing treatment algorithms and planning future studies. Targeted longitudinal studies are needed to further characterize prognostic factors in pediatric CD and to evaluate the impact of treatment algorithms tailored to individual patient risk.

• Klíčová slova
• ASCA, Complications, Growth Impairment, NOD2/CARD15, Polymorphism, Prognostic Factors, Serology, Structuring or Penetrating Disease,
• MeSH
• Crohnova nemoc diagnóza   terapie   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• hodnocení výsledků zdravotní péče MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• konsensus MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• prediktivní hodnota testů MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• prognóza MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• metaanalýza MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• systematický přehled MeSH

The aims of the present study were to compare the effect of subchronic administration of MK-801 on performance in the active allothetic place avoidance (AAPA) task and in the working version of Morris water maze (MWM) in Long-Evans and Wistar rats. Animals were trained for four daily sessions either in the AAPA or in the working memory version of the MWM. Wistar rats treated by MK-801 (0.1 mg/kg) showed a cognitive deficit in the AAPA task without a significant hyperlocomotion, whereas they were not impaired in the working memory version of the MWM compared to controls. Long-Evans rats treated by MK-801 (0.1 mg/kg) were not impaired either in the AAPA task or in the MWM task. Higher doses of MK-801 (0.2 and 0.3 mg/kg) produced hyperlocomotion in both strains which corresponded to an inability to solve both spatial tasks. Long-Evans rats were superior in the MWM to the Wistar rats in the groups treated with the low dose of MK-801. In conclusion, intact Wistar rats can efficiently solve both spatial tasks; however, they are more sensitive to MK-801-induced behavioural deficit. This has relevance for modeling of the schizophrenia-related deficits and for screening substances for their therapeutic potential.

• MeSH
• antagonisté excitačních aminokyselin farmakologie   MeSH
• bludiště - učení účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• dizocilpinmaleát farmakologie   MeSH
• druhová specificita MeSH
• glutamátové receptory účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• hyperkineze chemicky indukované   patofyziologie   MeSH
• krátkodobá paměť účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• kyselina glutamová metabolismus   MeSH
• modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
• mozek účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• nervový přenos účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• orientace účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• poruchy paměti chemicky indukované   patofyziologie   MeSH
• potkani Long-Evans MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• učení vyhýbat se účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• vnímání prostoru účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antagonisté excitačních aminokyselin MeSH
• dizocilpinmaleát MeSH
• glutamátové receptory MeSH
• kyselina glutamová MeSH