Miniaturization
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Liquid chromatography is a prominent analytical technique in separation science and chemical analysis, applied across numerous fields of research and within industrial applications. Over the past few decades, there has been a growing interest in the miniaturization of this technique, which has been particularly enabled through new miniature and portable detection technologies for in-field, at-site, and point-of-need (collectively 'out-of-lab') analyses. Accordingly, significant advances have been made in recent years in the development of miniaturized liquid chromatography with photometric, electrochemical, and mass spectrometric detection, enabling the development of field-deployable and portable instruments for various applications. Herein, recent developments in the miniaturization of detection systems for inclusion within, and/or coupling with, portable liquid chromatographic systems, are reviewed in detail together with critical comments and expected future trends in this area.
- Klíčová slova
- detection, liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, miniaturization, on-site analysis, portable, review,
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Mass spectrometry is becoming the major analytical tool in biology research. This short review summarizes the state-of-the-art in the interface miniaturization and strategies for analysis of limited sample amounts by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry.
- MeSH
- 2D gelová elektroforéza metody MeSH
- koncentrace vodíkových iontů MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- miniaturizace * MeSH
- proteiny analýza MeSH
- roztoky chemie MeSH
- spektrometrie hmotnostní - ionizace laserem za účasti matrice * přístrojové vybavení metody MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- Názvy látek
- proteiny MeSH
- roztoky MeSH
By using the smallest commercially available oxygenator and our own modification of an apparatus for extracorporeal circulation we achieved minimal filling. By placing the apparatus close to the operating table the set can be miniaturized and the length of the tubes can be maximally reduced, while a satisfactory overview is ensured. The authors compared a group of 10 children operated by using this miniature apparatus with a control group of 20 children where the standard set up was used. The filling of the apparatus incl. added solutions was significantly smaller in the group with the mini-apparatus--on average 420 ml, as compared with the control group (671 ml). Despite the substantially larger amount of transfused blood in the control group with the greater volume (500 ml/patient), the resulting packed cell volume was the same in both groups. The other common postoperative parameters did not differ significantly in the two groups. The minimal filling of the apparatus for extracorporeal circulation in the described set up makes possible in the majority of children and infants with an elevated packed cell volume perfusion without the use of donor blood which is consistent with contemporary trends.
- MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mimotělní oběh přístrojové vybavení metody MeSH
- miniaturizace MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
- Check Tag
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
- Publikační typ
- anglický abstrakt MeSH
- časopisecké články MeSH
The determination of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in environmental samples has become a challenging and critical issue. The present work focuses on miniaturized analytical strategies reported in the literature for the determination of CECs. The first part of the review provides brief overview of CECs whose monitoring in environmental samples is of particular significance, namely personal care products, pharmaceuticals, endocrine disruptors, UV-filters, newly registered pesticides, illicit drugs, disinfection by-products, surfactants, high technology rare earth elements, and engineered nanomaterials. Besides, an overview of downsized sample preparation approaches reported in the literature for the determination of CECs in environmental samples is provided. Particularly, analytical methodologies involving microextraction approaches used for the enrichment of CECs are discussed. Both solid phase- and liquid phase-based microextraction techniques are highlighted devoting special attention to recently reported approaches. Special emphasis is placed on newly developed materials used for extraction purposes in microextraction techniques. In addition, recent contributions involving miniaturized analytical flow techniques for the determination of CECs are discussed. Besides, the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of point of need and portable devices have been identified and critically compared with chromatographic methods coupled to mass chromatography. Finally, challenging aspects regarding miniaturized analytical methods for determination of CECs are critically discussed.
- Klíčová slova
- Emerging contaminants, Microextraction, Microfluidics, Millifluidics, Miniaturization, Sample preparation,
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
With the current transformation of the pharmaceutical industry towards continuous manufacturing, there is an inherent need to embrace this concept already during the early stages of drug formulation. Therefore, this research paper investigated the feasibility of using miniaturized forced feeders on a high-speed rotary tablet press with the intention of downscaling the tableting process. Forced feeders with a reduced volume (up to 46% compared to the conventional two-compartment forced feeder) were designed by either sealing one compartment (i.e. R&D1) or lowering of the compartment height (i.e. R&D2). These feed frame designs were thoroughly analysed in combination with two paddle types over a wide range of process-settings (i.e. tableting speed, paddle speed, direction of paddle rotation, overfill-level). A poorly flowing model powder (i.e. MCC 101) was deliberately selected as challenging formulation. Empirical modelling of feed frame R&D1 revealed a positive impact on the die-filling variability when the radial curved cuboid paddles rotated in counterclockwise direction at high paddle speed. Moreover, a strong resemblance between the R&D2 feed frame and the conventional forced feeder was observed during multivariate data analysis, indicating that this miniaturized type could be used during downscaling studies of the conventional tableting process. The potential of this forced feeder was acknowledged by the similar trends in die-filling variability with respect to varying process settings, when a design-of-experiments (DOE) was performing including feed frame type as a qualitative factor. Overall, it was concluded that both types of miniaturized forced feeders can be used on a high-speed rotary tablet press when lower material consumption rates are desired while the R&D2 feed frame bears the highest predictability regarding the die-filling uniformity in the conventional larger two-compartment forced feeder.
- Klíčová slova
- Downscaling, Multivariate data analysis, Process-engineering, Quality-by-design, R&D forced feeders, Tablet manufacturing,
- MeSH
- celulosa MeSH
- farmaceutická technologie metody MeSH
- miniaturizace MeSH
- pomocné látky MeSH
- tablety * MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- celulosa MeSH
- microcrystalline cellulose MeSH Prohlížeč
- pomocné látky MeSH
- tablety * MeSH
In 12 skeletal muscles of adult miniature pigs histochemical fiber type analysis was performed. Longissimus dorsi, psoas major, diaphragm and fore- and hind-limb muscles were composed from SO, FOG and FG fiber types showing characteristic clump distribution. The muscles differed in the first place by the frequencies of SO and FG types (7-70% and 19-79% respectively); the proportion of FOG type varied considerably less (10-32%). On the other hand in the masseter muscle only SO and FOG types with a mosaic distribution were demonstrated (28% and 72% respectively). In the majority of muscles the prevailing fiber type has also the largest diameter, but the differences between individual types were mostly insignificant. The largest diameter was found in the masseter muscle fibers--around 70 microns, which is 20-30 microns more than in the other muscles.
- MeSH
- histocytochemie MeSH
- miniaturní prasata anatomie a histologie MeSH
- prasata MeSH
- svaly analýza anatomie a histologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
A miniaturized electrospray interface consisting of a microfluidic nanosprayer and nanospray module is reported in the presented short communication. The nanosprayer was fabricated using silicon (Si) technology suitable for cost-efficient high-volume mass production. The nanospray module enabled the positioning of the nanosprayer in front of a mass spectrometry entrance and its coupling with capillary electrophoresis based on the liquid junction principle. A case study of top-down and bottom-up proteomic analyses of intact cytochrome c and its tryptic digest demonstrates the practical applicability of the developed interface.
- Klíčová slova
- capillary electrophoresis, electrospray ionization, mass spectrometry, microfabrication, proteomics,
- MeSH
- cytochromy c * analýza chemie MeSH
- design vybavení MeSH
- elektroforéza kapilární * metody přístrojové vybavení MeSH
- hmotnostní spektrometrie s elektrosprejovou ionizací * metody přístrojové vybavení MeSH
- miniaturizace * přístrojové vybavení MeSH
- nanotechnologie * přístrojové vybavení MeSH
- proteomika metody MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- cytochromy c * MeSH
The nondestructive identification of both inorganic and organic compounds without the need for chemical or mechanical sample preparation is an advantage of the Raman spectroscopic analytical technique when applied in situ using miniaturized equipment for the geosciences. This is critically assessed here for several real life geoscientific scenarios in which several groups of minerals were analyzed with emphasis on evaporites, carbonates, and selected types of dark minerals and weak Raman scatterers. The role of individual analytical instrumental parameters such as focal plane precision, exposure time, and ambient light conditions that can affect the acquisition and interpretation of spectroscopic data from these specimens in field conditions was also evaluated.
A miniaturized post-column fluorimetric detection cell for capillary separation methods based on optical fibers and liquid core waveguides (LCWs) is described. The main part of the detection cell is a fused-silica capillary coated with Teflon AF serving as an LCW. The optical fibers are used both for coupling the excitation source with the detection domain in the LCW and for the axial fluorescence collection from the LCW end. The latter fiber is connected with a compact CCD spectrometer that serves for the rejection of the scattered excitation light and for the fluorescence signal detection. The proposed design offers a compact fluorescence detector for various microcolumn separation techniques without optical elements such as filters or objectives. Moreover, its construction and optical adjustment are very simple and the whole system is highly miniaturized. The function of the detection cell is demonstrated by CE of amino acids labelled by fluorescein-based tags. Separations of different standard amino acid mixtures and plasma samples are presented. The comparison of plasma amino acid levels of individuals being in good health with those of patients with inherited metabolic disorders is also shown.
- MeSH
- aminokyseliny krev izolace a purifikace MeSH
- elektroforéza kapilární metody MeSH
- fluorescenční spektrometrie přístrojové vybavení MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- miniaturizace MeSH
- optická vlákna MeSH
- technologie optických vláken MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- hodnotící studie MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Názvy látek
- aminokyseliny MeSH
Fundamental hematological and immunological data were obtained on sexually mature germfree miniature pigs fed, after the milk diet period, with cereal-type diet sterilized by gamma-radiation, and were compared with data of control conventional animals. Germfree adult pigs had a lower count of peripheral blood leukocytes with a lower percentage of neutrophil granulocytes and without any younger forms, a lower total serum protein level with a negligible amount of gamma and alpha 2 globulin fractions and a higher serum albumin and beta globulin level. In the mesenteric lymph nodes and in spleen, surface IgA-bearing cells predominated over surface IgG-bearing cells. Also a large amount of IgA-containing cells was found in the intestinal lamina propria, where the IgG cells were present in a negligible amount. IgM cells were the most frequent surface isotype in peripheral blood. The count of blood T lymphocytes was more than doubled.
- MeSH
- gnotobiologické modely * MeSH
- granulocyty imunologie MeSH
- imunitní systém fyziologie MeSH
- imunoglobuliny krev fyziologie MeSH
- leukocyty imunologie MeSH
- miniaturní prasata imunologie MeSH
- prasata MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- imunoglobuliny MeSH
