Herein, the recent advances in the development of resorbable polymeric-based biomaterials, their geometrical forms, resorption mechanisms, and their capabilities in various biomedical applications are critically reviewed. A comprehensive discussion of the engineering approaches for the fabrication of polymeric resorbable scaffolds for tissue engineering, drug delivery, surgical, cardiological, aesthetical, dental and cardiovascular applications, are also explained. Furthermore, to understand the internal structures of resorbable scaffolds, representative studies of their evaluation by medical imaging techniques, e.g., cardiac computer tomography, are succinctly highlighted. This approach provides crucial clinical insights which help to improve the materials' suitable and viable characteristics for them to meet the highly restrictive medical requirements. Finally, the aspects of the legal regulations and the associated challenges in translating research into desirable clinical and marketable materials of polymeric-based formulations, are presented.

• Klíčová slova
• clinical challenges, drug delivery, implants, medical imaging, polymer matrices, resorbable biomaterials, tissue engineering,
• MeSH
• biokompatibilní materiály chemie   MeSH
• lékové transportní systémy * metody   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• polymery * chemie   MeSH
• tkáňové inženýrství * metody   MeSH
• tkáňové podpůrné struktury chemie   MeSH
• vstřebatelné implantáty MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• biokompatibilní materiály MeSH
• polymery * MeSH

Today, numerous studies have focused on the design of novel scaffolds for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications; however, several challenges still exist in terms of biocompatibility/cytocompatibility, degradability, cell attachment/proliferation, nutrient diffusion, large-scale production, and clinical translation studies. Greener and safer technologies can help to produce scaffolds with the benefits of cost-effectiveness, high biocompatibility, and biorenewability/sustainability, reducing their toxicity and possible side effects. However, some challenges persist regarding their degradability, purity, having enough porosity, and possible immunogenicity. In this context, naturally derived cellulose-based scaffolds with high biocompatibility, ease of production, availability, sustainability/renewability, and environmentally benign attributes can be applied for designing scaffolds. These cellulose-based scaffolds have shown unique mechanical properties, improved cell attachment/proliferation, multifunctionality, and enhanced biocompatibility/cytocompatibility, which make them promising candidates for tissue engineering applications. Herein, the salient developments pertaining to cellulose-based scaffolds for neural, bone, cardiovascular, and skin tissue engineering are deliberated, focusing on the challenges and opportunities.

• Klíčová slova
• biocompatibility, cellulose, cellulose-based scaffolds, degradability, scaffolds, tissue engineering,
• MeSH
• biokompatibilní materiály farmakologie   MeSH
• celulosa MeSH
• poréznost MeSH
• regenerativní lékařství MeSH
• tkáňové inženýrství * MeSH
• tkáňové podpůrné struktury * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• biokompatibilní materiály MeSH
• celulosa MeSH

Fabrication of an appropriate skin scaffold needs to meet several standards related to the mechanical and biological properties. Fully natural/green scaffolds with acceptable biodegradability, biocompatibility, and physiological properties quite often suffer from poor mechanical properties. Therefore, for appropriate skin tissue engineering and to mimic the real functions, we need to use synthetic polymers and/or additives as complements to green polymers. Green nanocomposites (either nanoscale natural macromolecules or biopolymers containing nanoparticles) are a class of scaffolds with acceptable biomedical properties window (drug delivery and cardiac, nerve, bone, cartilage as well as skin tissue engineering), enabling one to achieve the required level of skin regeneration and wound healing. In this review, we have collected, summarized, screened, analyzed, and interpreted the properties of green nanocomposites used in skin tissue engineering and wound dressing. We particularly emphasize the mechanical and biological properties that skin cells need to meet when seeded on the scaffold. In this regard, the latest state of the art studies directed at fabrication of skin tissue and bionanocomposites as well as their mechanistic features are discussed, whereas some unspoken complexities and challenges for future developments are highlighted.

• Klíčová slova
• biological properties, biomaterials, bionanocomposites, green nanocomposites, mechanical properties, skin tissue engineering,
• MeSH
• biokompatibilní materiály terapeutické užití   MeSH
• hydrogely MeSH
• nanokompozity * terapeutické užití   MeSH
• polymery terapeutické užití   MeSH
• tkáňové inženýrství * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• biokompatibilní materiály MeSH
• hydrogely MeSH
• polymery MeSH

The field of tissue engineering applies principles of engineering and life sciences for the development of functional biologic substitutes. The increasing need of tissue for challenging reconstructive surgeries places plastic surgeons involvement as vital in the research and development of engineered constructs and subsequent use. This narrative review aims to summarize tissue engineering principles, to update on its current uses and breakthroughs, to approach its current limitations and possible future directions for this exciting new field of medicine. This revision addressed tissue engineering utilisation in skin lesions, craniocervical defects, musculoskeletal defects, peripheral nerves lesions, vascular tissue defects and adipose tissue uses. Research in tissue engineering is increasing exponentially, however, and although there are already several engineered constructs available, its widespread clinical application is still a hope. More long-term studies that answer outstanding issues are needed in order for that to become reality.

• Klíčová slova
• Basal cell carcinoma, Bioengineering, Regeneration, Stem cells, Tissue engineering, plastic surgery, reconstructive surgery, regeneration, stem cells,
• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• plastická chirurgie * MeSH
• tkáňové inženýrství * MeSH
• tuková tkáň MeSH
• zákroky plastické chirurgie * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Lately, the need for three-dimensional (3D) cell culture has been recognized in order to closely mimic the organization of native tissues. Thus, 3D scaffolds started to be employed to facilitate the 3D cell organization and enable the artificial tissue formation for the emerging tissue engineering applications. 3D scaffolds can be prepared by various techniques, each with certain advantages and disadvantages. Decellularization is an easy method based on removal of cells from native tissue sample, yielding extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffold with preserved architecture and bioactivity. This chapter provides a detailed protocol for decellularization of pig lung and also some basic assays for evaluation of its effectivity, such as determination of DNA content and histological verification of the selected ECM components. Such decellularized scaffold can subsequently be used for various tissue engineering applications, for example, for recellularization with cells of interest, for natural ECM hydrogel preparation, or as a bioink for 3D bioprinting.

• Klíčová slova
• Decellularization, Extracellular matrix, Lung, Scaffold, Sodium dodecyl sulfate, Staining, Tissue engineering,
• MeSH
• extracelulární matrix MeSH
• hydrogely MeSH
• plíce * MeSH
• prasata MeSH
• tkáňové inženýrství * metody   MeSH
• tkáňové podpůrné struktury * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• hydrogely MeSH

Today, with the salient advancements of modern and smart technologies related to tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TE-RM), the use of sustainable and biodegradable materials with biocompatibility and cost-effective advantages have been investigated more than before. Alginate as a naturally occurring anionic polymer can be obtained from brown seaweed to develop a wide variety of composites for TE, drug delivery, wound healing, and cancer therapy. This sustainable and renewable biomaterial displays several fascinating properties such as high biocompatibility, low toxicity, cost-effectiveness, and mild gelation by inserting divalent cations (e.g., Ca2+). In this context, challenges still exist in relation to the low solubility and high viscosity of high-molecular weight alginate, high density of intra- and inter-molecular hydrogen bonding, polyelectrolyte nature of the aqueous solution, and a lack of suitable organic solvents. Herein, TE-RM applications of alginate-based materials are deliberated, focusing on current trends, important challenges, and future prospects.

• Klíčová slova
• alginate, biomaterials, biomedical engineering, hydrogels, regenerative medicine, scaffolds, tissue engineering,
• MeSH
• algináty terapeutické užití   MeSH
• biokompatibilní materiály * terapeutické užití   MeSH
• hydrogely MeSH
• regenerativní lékařství MeSH
• tkáňové inženýrství * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• algináty MeSH
• biokompatibilní materiály * MeSH
• hydrogely MeSH

Tissue engineering (TE) and regenerative medicine are progressively developed areas due to many novel tissue replacements and implementation strategies. Increasing knowledge involving the fabrication of biomaterials with advanced physicochemical and biological characteristics, successful isolation and preparation of stem cells, incorporation of growth and differentiation factors, and biomimetic environments gives us a unique opportunity to develop various types of scaffolds for TE. The current strategies for soft tissue reconstitution or regeneration highlight the importance of novel regenerative therapies in cases of significant soft tissue loss and in cases of congenital defects, disease, trauma and ageing. Various types of biomaterials and scaffolds have been tested for soft tissue regeneration. The synthetic types of materials have gained great attention due to high versatility, tunability and easy functionalization for better biocompatibility. This article reviews the current materials that are usually the most used for the fabrication of scaffolds for soft TE; in addition, the types of scaffolds together with examples of their applications for the regenerative purposes of soft tissue, as well as their major physicochemical characteristics regarding the increased applicability of these materials in medicine, are reviewed.

• MeSH
• biokompatibilní materiály aplikace a dávkování   metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• polymery aplikace a dávkování   metabolismus   MeSH
• poranění měkkých tkání farmakoterapie   metabolismus   MeSH
• stárnutí účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• tkáňové inženýrství metody   trendy   MeSH
• tkáňové podpůrné struktury * trendy   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• biokompatibilní materiály MeSH
• polymery MeSH

This study develops and characterizes novel biodegradable soft hydrogels with dual porosity based on N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymers cross-linked by hydrolytically degradable linkers. The structure and properties of the hydrogels are designed as scaffolds for tissue engineering and they are tested in vitro with model mesenchymal stem cells (rMSCs). Detailed morphological characterization confirms dual porosity suitable for cell growth and nutrient transport. The dual porosity of hydrogels slightly improves rMSCs proliferation compared to the hydrogel with uniform pores. In addition, the laminin coating supports the adhesion of rMSCs to the hydrogel surface. However, hydrogels modified by heptapeptide RGDSGGY significantly stimulate cell adhesion and growth. Moreover, the RGDS-modified hydrogels also affect the topology of proliferating rMSCs, ranging from single-cell to multicellular clusters. The 3D reconstruction of the hydrogels with cells obtained by laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) confirms cell penetration into the inner structure of the hydrogel and its corresponding microstructure. The prepared biodegradable oligopeptide-modified hydrogels with dual porosity are suitable candidates for further in vivo evaluation in soft tissue regeneration.

• Klíčová slova
• N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide, double porosity hydrogels, hydrogels, mesenchymal stem cells, scaffolds for tissue engineering,
• MeSH
• buněčná adheze MeSH
• hydrogely * chemie   MeSH
• mezenchymální kmenové buňky * MeSH
• poréznost MeSH
• tkáňové inženýrství MeSH
• tkáňové podpůrné struktury chemie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• hydrogely * MeSH

Heat-treated polyacrylonitrile (HT-PAN), also referred to as black orlon (BO), is a promising carbon-based material used for applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. To the best of our knowledge, no such complex bone morphology-mimicking three-dimensional (3D) BO structure has been reported to date. We report that BO can be easily made into 3D cryogel scaffolds with porous structures, using succinonitrile as a porogen. The cryogels possess a porous morphology, similar to bone tissue. The prepared scaffolds showed strong osteoconductive activity, providing excellent support for the adhesion, proliferation, and mitochondrial activity of human bone-derived cells. This effect was more apparent in scaffolds prepared from a matrix with a higher content of PAN (i.e., 10% rather than 5%). The scaffolds with 10% of PAN also showed enhanced mechanical properties, as revealed by higher compressive modulus and higher compressive strength. Therefore, these scaffolds have a robust potential for use in bone tissue engineering.

• Klíčová slova
• 3D scaffolds, black orlon, carbon-based material, human osteoblast-like cells, polyacrylonitrile, porous material,
• MeSH
• akrylové pryskyřice chemie   MeSH
• kosti a kostní tkáň MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• pevnost v tlaku MeSH
• poréznost MeSH
• tkáňové inženýrství MeSH
• tkáňové podpůrné struktury MeSH
• vysoká teplota MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• akrylové pryskyřice MeSH
• polyacrylonitrile MeSH Prohlížeč

The rapid development of tissue engineering (TE) and regenerative medicine brings an acute need for biocompatible and bioactive biological scaffolds to regenerate or restore damaged tissue. Great attention is focused on the decellularization of tissues or even whole organs, and the subsequent colonization of such decellularized extracellular matrices by recipient cells. The foreskin is an integral, normal part of the external genitalia that forms the anatomical covering of the glans penis and the urinary meatus of all human and non-human primates. It is mucocutaneous tissue that marks the boundary between mucosa and skin. In this work, we compared two innovative decellularization techniques for human foreskins obtained from donors. We compared the efficacy and feasibility of these protocols and the biosafety of prepared acellular dermal matrixes that can serve as a suitable scaffold for TE. The present study confirms the feasibility of foreskin decellularization based on enzymatic or detergent methods. Both techniques conserved the ultrastructure and composition of natural ECM while being DNA-free and non-toxic, making it an excellent scaffold for follow-up research and TE applications.

• MeSH
• extracelulární matrix MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• předkožka * MeSH
• regenerativní lékařství metody   MeSH
• tkáňové inženýrství * metody   MeSH
• tkáňové podpůrné struktury MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH