BACKGROUND: Cognitive disturbances are widely pronounced in schizophrenia and schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Whilst cognitive deficits are well established in the prodromal phase and are known to deteriorate at the onset of schizophrenia, there is a certain discrepancy of findings regarding the cognitive alterations over the course of the illness. METHODS: We bring together the results of the longitudinal studies identified through PubMed which have covered more than 3 years follow-up and to reflect on the potential factors, such as sample characteristics and stage of the illness which may contribute to the various trajectories of cognitive changes. RESULTS: A summary of recent findings comprising the changes of the cognitive functioning in schizophrenia patients along the longitudinal course of the illness is provided. The potential approaches for addressing cognition in the course of schizophrenia are discussed. CONCLUSIONS: Given the existing controversies on the course of cognitive changes in schizophrenia, differentiated approaches specifically focusing on the peculiarities of the clinical features and changes in specific cognitive domains could shed light on the trajectories of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia and spectrum disorders.

• Klíčová slova
• Cognitive deficits, Follow-up, Schizophrenia, Trajectories,
• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kognice * MeSH
• kognitivní poruchy * diagnóza   etiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• longitudinální studie MeSH
• schizofrenie (psychologie) MeSH
• schizofrenie komplikace   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) is the second most common cause of cognitive deficit after Alzheimer's disease. Since VCI patients represent an important target population for prevention, an ongoing effort has been made to elucidate the pathogenesis of this disorder. In this review, we summarize the information from animal models on the molecular changes that occur in the brain during a cerebral vascular insult and ultimately lead to cognitive deficits in VCI. Animal models cannot effectively represent the complex clinical picture of VCI in humans. Nonetheless, they allow some understanding of the important molecular mechanisms leading to cognitive deficits. VCI may be caused by various mechanisms and metabolic pathways. The pathological mechanisms, in terms of cognitive deficits, may span from oxidative stress to vascular clearance of toxic waste products (such as amyloid beta) and from neuroinflammation to impaired function of microglia, astrocytes, pericytes, and endothelial cells. Impaired production of elements of the immune response, such as cytokines, and vascular factors, such as insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), may also affect cognitive functions. No single event could be seen as being the unique cause of cognitive deficits in VCI. These events are interconnected, and may produce cascade effects resulting in cognitive impairment.

• Klíčová slova
• IGF-1, glial cells, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, vascular cognitive impairment,
• MeSH
• Alzheimerova nemoc metabolismus   MeSH
• amyloidní beta-protein metabolismus   MeSH
• astrocyty metabolismus   MeSH
• cytokiny metabolismus   MeSH
• endoteliální buňky metabolismus   MeSH
• insulinu podobný růstový faktor I metabolismus   MeSH
• kognice * MeSH
• kognitivní dysfunkce metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikroglie metabolismus   MeSH
• modely u zvířat MeSH
• mozek metabolismus   MeSH
• oxid dusnatý MeSH
• oxidační stres MeSH
• pericyty metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• amyloidní beta-protein MeSH
• cytokiny MeSH
• IGF1 protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• insulinu podobný růstový faktor I MeSH
• oxid dusnatý MeSH

Although neuropsychological deficits have been reported in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) during an acute episode, relatively little is known about the persistence of these deficits in remission. This study investigated the performance of attention, executive function and verbal memory during remission from unipolar depressive episodes. We tested the hypothesis that outpatients do not differ in cognitive variables from controls. We did this using a well-defined outpatient sample, consisting of medicated and unmedicated patients, with a history of MDD. Ninety-seven subjects with MDD in remission ranging from young to old were compared with 97 healthy control subjects. Both samples were balanced for age, gender, and education levels. The Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT) and the Trail Making Test (TMT) were used. Patients with remitted MDD, in comparison with controls, were impaired on tasks of attention, executive function and verbal memory. The individual level of depressive symptoms was not related to the cognitive performance. Small- to medium-sized significant correlations exist between cognitive test variables (as represented by Trail Making B and AVLT delayed recall) and level of depressive symptomatology (as measured by MADRS or BDI-II) in the total sample, indicating that higher levels of depressive symptomatology are associated with lower cognitive function. These findings suggest deficits in attention and delayed verbal recall can serve as an indicator for MDD in outpatients.

• MeSH
• depresivní poruchy komplikace   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kognitivní poruchy etiologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• neparametrická statistika MeSH
• neuropsychologické testy MeSH
• paměť fyziologie   MeSH
• pozornost fyziologie   MeSH
• psychiatrické posuzovací škály MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• studie případů a kontrol MeSH
• verbální učení fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

AIMS: To find out whether neuropsychiatric comorbidity (comMCI) influences spatial navigation performance in amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). METHODS: We recruited aMCI patients with (n = 21) and without (n = 21) neuropsychiatric comorbidity or alcohol abuse, matched for global cognitive impairment and cognitively healthy elderly participants (HE, n = 22). They completed the Mini-Mental State Examination and a virtual Hidden Goal Task in egocentric, allocentric, and delayed recall subtests. RESULTS: In allocentric navigation, aMCI and comMCI performed significantly worse than HE and similarly to each other. Although aMCI performed significantly worse at egocentric navigation than HE, they performed significantly better than patients with comMCI. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the growing burden of dementia and the prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms in the elderly population, comMCI remains under-studied. Since trials often assess "pure" aMCI, we may underestimate patients' navigation and other deficits. This finding emphasizes the importance of taking account of the cognitive effects of psychiatric disorders in aMCI.

• Klíčová slova
• Mild cognitive impairment, neuropsychiatric comorbidity, spatial memory, spatial navigation,
• MeSH
• amnézie epidemiologie   psychologie   MeSH
• kognitivní dysfunkce epidemiologie   psychologie   MeSH
• komorbidita MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• prostorová navigace * MeSH
• prostorová paměť MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Brain dynamics and the associations with spatial navigation in individuals with subjective cognitive decline (SCD) remain unknown. In this study, a hidden Markov model (HMM) was inferred from resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data in a cohort of 80 SCD and 77 normal control (NC) participants. By HMM, 12 states with distinct brain activity were identified. The SCD group showed increased fractional occupancy in the states with less activated ventral default mode, posterior salience, and visuospatial networks, while decreased fractional occupancy in the state with general network activation. The SCD group also showed decreased probabilities of transition into and out of the state with general network activation, suggesting an inability to dynamically upregulate and downregulate brain network activity. Significant correlations between brain dynamics and spatial navigation were observed. The combined features of spatial navigation and brain dynamics showed an area under the curve of 0.854 in distinguishing between SCD and NC. The findings may provide exploratory evidence of the reconfiguration of brain network dynamics underlying spatial deficits in SCD.

• Klíčová slova
• Brain dynamics, Hidden Markov model, Spatial navigation, Subjective cognitive decline,
• MeSH
• kognitivní dysfunkce * psychologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie * metody   MeSH
• mapování mozku metody   MeSH
• mozek fyziologie   MeSH
• pravděpodobnost MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

We aimed to validate the Czech version of the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB). The MCCB is a test battery designed to assess cognitive treatment effects in clinical trials of patients with schizophrenia. The valid, reliable and replicable measurement of cognition in schizophrenia is of substantial importance for such clinical trial studies. We performed a psychometric analysis of the MCCB composite and domain scores based on ROC analysis of 67 schizophrenia patients and 67 age- and education-matched healthy controls from a total sample of 220 controls. Also, we correlated MCCB variables with scales measuring psychosocial functioning (Personal and Social Performance scale; PSP). The internal consistency of all 10 tests in the MCCB battery was good (Cronbach's α = 0.85 (95% CI [0.83, 0.88])). The discriminative validity for the detection of neurocognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia based on the area under the curve of MCCB composite T-score was ≥90% (95% CI [0.85, 0.96]) and all MCCB domains showed ps < .001. The MCCB global composite and the Speed of Processing domain score significantly predicted the PSP ratings. A confirmatory factor analysis on the whole control sample (N = 220) showed an optimal fit for a 6-factor in comparison to 1-factor solution. In conclusion, we found high discriminative validity for the Czech MCCB version, similar to the differentiation of schizophrenia versus healthy control groups in the original MCCB studies. We also established the factorial validity of the MCCB and showed that the overall composite of the MCCB predicts psychosocial functioning in the patient group.

• Klíčová slova
• Cognition, MCCB, Reliability, Schizophrenia, Validity,
• MeSH
• kognice MeSH
• konsensus MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neuropsychologické testy MeSH
• psychiatrické posuzovací škály MeSH
• schizofrenie (psychologie) MeSH
• schizofrenie * komplikace   diagnóza   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

BACKGROUND: Identifying protective factors that promote healthy cognitive aging is of importance due to the growing older adult population. Preventing chronic hyperglycemia may be one such way to preserve cognitive abilities, as high blood glucose levels have been associated with cognitive impairment and decline. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of blood glucose levels on cognition among older adults using common neuropsychological tests and a spatial navigation task. METHODS: The association between cognitive performance and blood glucose levels was assessed among 117 older adults classified as cognitively healthy, subjective cognitive decline, amnestic mild cognitive impairment, or Alzheimer's disease dementia from the Czech Brain Aging Study. Cognitive abilities were measured by tests of verbal memory, nonverbal memory, working memory, visuospatial skills, and executive function. A test of spatial navigation known as the Hidden Goal Task was also used. Blood glucose levels were measured by glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). Analyses were performed using multiple linear regression controlling for age, gender, education, depressive symptoms, diabetes, and cognitive status. RESULTS: A significant relationship was observed for HbA1c and executive function performance (beta = -2.46, SE = 0.92, p = 0.008). Following moderation analysis, this relationship was significant only among those with cognitive impairment (beta = -4.37, SE = 1.28, p = 0.001, 95% CI [-6.91, -1.83]). Associations between HbA1c and other cognitive domains were not significant (ps > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Higher HbA1c was associated with poorer executive function among persons with cognitive impairment, but not with performance on other cognitive domains. Maintaining proper glucoregulation may help preserve executive function performance among cognitively impaired older adults.

• Klíčová slova
• Biomarkers, cognition, cognitive impairments, executive function,
• MeSH
• Alzheimerova nemoc krev   psychologie   MeSH
• exekutivní funkce * MeSH
• glykovaný hemoglobin analýza   MeSH
• kognitivní dysfunkce krev   psychologie   MeSH
• krátkodobá paměť MeSH
• krevní glukóza analýza   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neuropsychologické testy MeSH
• paměť MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• vnímání prostoru MeSH
• zdravé stárnutí MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Názvy látek
• glykovaný hemoglobin MeSH
• krevní glukóza MeSH

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Cognitive impairment (CI) in multiple sclerosis (MS) is associated with bidirectional changes in resting-state centrality measures. However, practicable functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) biomarkers of CI are still lacking. The aim of this study was to assess the graph-theory-based degree rank order disruption index (kD) and its association with cognitive processing speed as a marker of CI in patients with MS (PwMS) in a secondary cross-sectional fMRI analysis. METHODS: Differentiation between PwMS and healthy controls (HCs) using kD and its correlation with CI (Symbol Digit Modalities Test) was compared to established imaging biomarkers (regional degree, volumetry, diffusion-weighted imaging, lesion mapping). Additional associations were assessed for fatigue (Fatigue Scale for Motor and Cognitive Functions), gait and global disability. RESULTS: Analysis in 56 PwMS and 58 HCs (35/27 women, median age 45.1/40.5 years) showed lower kD in PwMS than in HCs (median -0.30/-0.06, interquartile range 0.55/0.54; p = 0.009, Mann-Whitney U test), yielding acceptable yet non-superior differentiation (area under curve 0.64). kD and degree in medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) correlated with CI (kD/MPFC Spearman's ρ = 0.32/-0.45, p = 0.019/0.001, n = 55). kD also explained fatigue (ρ = -0.34, p = 0.010, n = 56) but neither gait nor disability. CONCLUSIONS: kD is a potential biomarker of CI and fatigue warranting further validation.

• Klíčová slova
• biomarkers, cognitive processing speed, fMRI, fatigue, multiple sclerosis,
• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kognitivní dysfunkce etiologie   patofyziologie   diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie * MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• roztroušená skleróza * komplikace   diagnostické zobrazování   patofyziologie   MeSH
• rychlost zpracování MeSH
• únava * patofyziologie   etiologie   diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

OBJECTIVE: To compare cognitive phenotypes of participants with subjective cognitive decline (SCD) and amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), estimate progression to MCI/dementia by phenotype and assess classification error with machine learning. METHOD: Dataset consisted of 163 participants with SCD and 282 participants with aMCI from the Czech Brain Aging Study. Cognitive assessment included the Uniform Data Set battery and additional tests to ascertain executive function, language, immediate and delayed memory, visuospatial skills, and processing speed. Latent profile analyses were used to develop cognitive profiles, and Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate risk of progression. Random forest machine learning algorithms reported cognitive phenotype classification error. RESULTS: Latent profile analysis identified three phenotypes for SCD, with one phenotype performing worse across all domains but not progressing more quickly to MCI/dementia after controlling for age, sex, and education. Three aMCI phenotypes were characterized by mild deficits, memory and language impairment (dysnomic aMCI), and severe multi-domain aMCI (i.e., deficits across all domains). A dose-response relationship between baseline level of impairment and subsequent risk of progression to dementia was evident for aMCI profiles after controlling for age, sex, and education. Machine learning more easily classified participants with aMCI in comparison to SCD (8% vs. 21% misclassified). CONCLUSIONS: Cognitive performance follows distinct patterns, especially within aMCI. The patterns map onto risk of progression to dementia.

• Klíčová slova
• Machine learning, Mild cognitive impairment, Neuropsychological performance, Prospective cohort study, Subjective cognitive complaints, Transition to dementia,
• MeSH
• fenotyp MeSH
• kognice MeSH
• kognitivní dysfunkce * komplikace   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mozek MeSH
• neuropsychologické testy MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• stárnutí MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

BACKGROUND: Cognitive deficits are one of the most common adverse effects of chemotherapy (CHT). Previous reports suggest that this is due to the so-called chemo brain syndrome, the symptoms of which manifest mainly as impairments in executive functions, speed of information processing, memory, attention, and motor speed. However, empirical evidence for these manifestations is currently ambiguous. METHODS: The research group consisted of 26 cancer patients with haematological malignancies who had undergone chemotherapy treatment. Cognitive performance was measured by two screening cognitive tests, the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Montreal Cognitive Test (MoCA). RESULTS: MMSE detected cognitive deficits in 34.6% of patients whereas MoCA identified mild or moderate cognitive impairment in up to 80.7% of patients. The highest error rates were found in tasks focused on memory, attention, spatial orientation, executive functions, and abstraction. Cognitive deficit progressed with age, but not with duration of therapy. CONCLUSION: Deficits in cognitive functions occur in a considerable number of patients after CHT, although the diagnosis depends on the sensitivity of the detection method. Screening scales usually provide the first indication of impaired cognitive functioning and may indicate the need for further neuropsychological examination. Early diagnosis of reduced cognitive functions is a prerequisite for effective psychological intervention to help patients cope with the undesirable effects of chemotherapy treatment more quickly.Key words: chemotherapy - cognitive dysfunction - chemo brain - cognitive screening - neuropsychological tests - psychology The authors declare they have no potential conflicts of interest concerning drugs, products, or services used in the study. The Editorial Board declares that the manuscript met the ICMJE recommendation for biomedical papers.Submitted: 4. 7. 2017Accepted: 24. 8. 2017.

• MeSH
• hematologické nádory farmakoterapie   MeSH
• kognitivní dysfunkce chemicky indukované   epidemiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neuropsychologické testy MeSH
• protinádorové látky škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• protinádorové látky MeSH