Decisions about the treatment of a patient with lung cancer depend on the clinical stage of the disease, morphological diagnosis, examination of predictive markers and overall clinical condition; the wishes of a well-informed patient must also be taken into account. Accurate diagnosis is essential for the future of a patient with lung cancer. The epidemiology of lung cancer is related to cigarette consumption. The risk of the disease increases with the number of cigarettes smoked. The relative risk for smokers is 22.4, for very heavy smokers with a load of more than 25 packets, it can reach up to 50. Most cases of lung cancer are caught in the advanced stages of the disease, when surgery and sometimes other active treatments are no longer possible. Searching for lung cancer in at-risk groups is essential for reducing lung cancer mortality, leading to the detection of the disease at a low stage when the tumor is operable.

• Klíčová slova
• lung cancer, lung cancer diagnosis, lung cancer screening,
• MeSH
• časná detekce nádoru metody   MeSH
• kouření škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory plic diagnóza   epidemiologie   etiologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is frequently diagnosed in its late stages when treatment options are limited. Unlike other common cancers, there are no population-wide screening programmes for PDAC. Thus, early disease detection, although urgently needed, remains elusive. Individuals in certain high-risk groups are, however, offered screening or surveillance. Here we explore advances in understanding high-risk groups for PDAC and efforts to implement biomarker-driven detection of PDAC in these groups. We review current approaches to early detection biomarker development and the use of artificial intelligence as applied to electronic health records (EHRs) and social media. Finally, we address the cost-effectiveness of applying biomarker strategies for early detection of PDAC.

• Klíčová slova
• Artificial intelligence, Biomarkers, Early detection, Omics, Pancreatic cancer,
• MeSH
• časná detekce nádoru * metody   MeSH
• duktální karcinom slinivky břišní diagnóza   genetika   MeSH
• genomika metody   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádorové biomarkery * MeSH
• nádory slinivky břišní * diagnóza   genetika   MeSH
• umělá inteligence * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• nádorové biomarkery * MeSH

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: While prostate cancer (PCa) incidence and mortality rates continue to rise, early detection of PCa remains highly controversial, and the research landscape is rapidly evolving. Existing systematic reviews (SRs) and meta-analyses (MAs) provide valuable insights, but often focus on single aspects of early detection, hindering a comprehensive understanding of the topic. We aim to fill this gap by providing a comprehensive SR of contemporary SRs covering different aspects of early detection of PCa in the European Union (EU) and the UK. METHODS: On June 1, 2023, we searched four databases (Medline ALL via Ovid, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials) and Google Scholar. To avoid repetition of previous studies, only SRs (qualitative, quantitative, and/or MAs) were considered eligible. In the data, common themes were identified to present the evidence systematically. KEY FINDINGS AND LIMITATIONS: We identified 1358 citations, resulting in 26 SRs eligible for inclusion. Six themes were identified: (1) invitation: men at general risk should be invited at >50 yr of age, and testing should be discontinued at >70 yr or with <10 yr of life expectancy; (2) decision-making: most health authorities discourage population-based screening and instead recommend a shared decision-making (SDM) approach, but implementation of SDM in clinical practice varies widely; decision aids help men make more informed and value-consistent screening decisions and decrease men's intention to attempt screening, but these do not affect screening uptake; (3) acceptance: facilitators for men considering screening include social prompting by partners and clinician recommendations, while barriers include a lack of knowledge, low-risk perception, and masculinity attributes; (4) screening test and algorithm: prostate-specific antigen-based screening reduces PCa-specific mortality and metastatic disease in men aged 55-69 yr at randomisation if screened at least twice; (5) harms and benefits: these benefits come at the cost of unnecessary biopsies, overdiagnosis, and subsequent overtreatment; and (6) future of screening: risk-adapted screening including (prebiopsy) risk calculators, magnetic resonance imaging, and blood- and urine-based biomarkers could reduce these harms. To enable a comprehensive overview, we focused on SRs. These do not include the most recent prospective studies, which were therefore incorporated in the discussion. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: By identifying consistent and conflicting evidence, this review highlights the evidence-based foundations that can be built upon, as well as areas requiring further research and improvement to reduce the burden of PCa in the EU and UK. PATIENT SUMMARY: This review of 26 reviews covers various aspects of prostate cancer screening such as invitation, decision-making, screening tests, harms, and benefits. This review provides insights into existing evidence, highlighting the areas of consensus and discrepancies, to guide future research and improve prostate cancer screening strategies in Europe.

• Klíčová slova
• Benefits, Early detection, Harms, Mortality, Opportunistic testing, Prostate cancer, Prostate-specific antigen, Screening, Screening behaviour,
• MeSH
• časná detekce nádoru * MeSH
• Evropská unie MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory prostaty * diagnóza   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• systematický přehled MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Spojené království MeSH

• MeSH
• časná detekce nádoru * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory diagnóza   epidemiologie   MeSH
• výzkum * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• dopisy MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa epidemiologie   MeSH

OBJECTIVES: Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality among women in Serbia and accounts for 22.8% of total cancer mortality in 2018. This study assessed the knowledge and barriers to early detection of breast cancer in women. METHODS: In March 2019, at the Primary Healthcare Centre Kikinda, Serbia, a 22-item questionnaire was distributed to a series of patients (N = 403, response rate 91.8%) to assess the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) between variables explaining knowledge of breast cancer symptoms and risk factors and barriers to screening, and four types of early detection of breast cancer. RESULTS: The majority of patients (85.4%) know that a lump in a breast is a common symptom of breast cancer and that a family history of breast cancer is a risk factor (80.1%); 63.8% of respondents aged ≥ 30 years self-examined their breasts in the past month, 39.1% of patients aged ≥ 40 years had clinical, while 34.4% had ultrasound breast examination in the past year, and 51.1% of patients aged ≥ 50 years had mammography once in the past two years. Patients aged ≥ 40 years retired and those with a positive family history were 84% and 63% less likely not to undergo a clinical breast examination in the past year. Participants over 40 years of age who reported a lack of funds were 2.46 times more likely to miss a clinical breast examination than those who did not have that barrier. Among participants aged 50-69 years, the likelihood of not receiving the mammography increases by 2.82 with an increase in wealth status and it was 65% lower for those who lack information about the available treatment. CONCLUSION: Women under the age of 50 rarely practice breast cancer screening. Study findings can be used to improve breast cancer screening at the primary level.

• Klíčová slova
• Serbia, breast cancer, early detection, knowledge, practice, primary healthcare centre,
• MeSH
• časná detekce nádoru MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory prsu * diagnóza   MeSH
• plošný screening MeSH
• primární zdravotní péče MeSH
• samovyšetření prsu * MeSH
• zdraví - znalosti, postoje, praxe MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Srbsko epidemiologie   MeSH

Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is emerging as a key potential biomarker for post-diagnosis surveillance but it may also play a crucial role in the detection of pre-clinical cancer. Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an excellent candidate for early detection given there are no successful therapeutic options for late-stage disease, and it displays almost universal inactivation of TP53. We assessed the presence of TP53 mutations in the cell-free DNA (cfDNA) extracted from the plasma of 51 SCLC cases and 123 non-cancer controls. We identified mutations using a pipeline specifically designed to accurately detect variants at very low fractions. We detected TP53 mutations in the cfDNA of 49% SCLC patients and 11.4% of non-cancer controls. When stratifying the 51 initial SCLC cases by stage, TP53 mutations were detected in the cfDNA of 35.7% early-stage and 54.1% late-stage SCLC patients. The results in the controls were further replicated in 10.8% of an independent series of 102 non-cancer controls. The detection of TP53 mutations in 11% of the 225 non-cancer controls suggests that somatic mutations in cfDNA among individuals without any cancer diagnosis is a common occurrence, and poses serious challenges for the development of ctDNA screening tests.

• Klíčová slova
• Early detection, Screening, Small-cell lung cancer, TP53 mutations, cfDNA, ctDNA,
• MeSH
• časná detekce nádoru MeSH
• DNA nádorová * krev   MeSH
• leukocyty metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• malobuněčný karcinom plic krev   diagnóza   genetika   MeSH
• mutace MeSH
• nádorové biomarkery * MeSH
• nádorový supresorový protein p53 genetika   MeSH
• nádory plic krev   diagnóza   genetika   MeSH
• staging nádorů MeSH
• studie případů a kontrol MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• DNA nádorová * MeSH
• nádorové biomarkery * MeSH
• nádorový supresorový protein p53 MeSH

AIM: To evaluate changes in the serum levels of prostate specific antigen (PSA), %free PSA and -2proPSA biomarkers, and prostate health index (PHI) in the diagnostic algorithm of early prostate cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The Immunoanalytical Laboratory of the University Hospital in Pilsen examined sera from 263 patients being treated at the Hospital's Urology Department with suspected prostate cancer who had undergone biopsies and were divided into a benign and malignant group. The monitored biomarkers were measured using chemiluminescence. All statistical analyses were calculated using the SAS software. RESULTS: We found statistically significantly increased levels of -2proPSA, PHI and PSA and decreased levels of %freePSA in patients diagnosed with prostate cancer by prostate biopsy vs. patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy (median values: -2proPSA: 16 vs. 21 ng/l, PHI: 35 vs. 62, total PSA: 7.2 vs. 7.7 μg/l and %free PSA: 16.7 vs. 11.7%). Receiver operating characteristic curves showed the best performance for PHI compared to other markers. CONCLUSION: The assessment of -2proPSA and the calculation of PHI appear to be of great benefit for a more accurate differential diagnosis of benign hyperplasia and prostate cancer.

• Klíčová slova
• PHI, PSA, biopsy, prostate cancer, −2proPSA,
• MeSH
• časná detekce nádoru MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádorové biomarkery krev   MeSH
• nádory prostaty krev   diagnóza   MeSH
• plocha pod křivkou MeSH
• prostata patologie   MeSH
• prostatický specifický antigen krev   MeSH
• ROC křivka MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• senzitivita a specificita MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• nádorové biomarkery MeSH
• prostatický specifický antigen MeSH

Sporadic pancreatic cancer amounts to ∼90% of all pancreatic cancers. It is a gloomy depressive disease and the most recalcitrant malignancy, with a very low 5-year survival (3-6%). At present, diagnostic methods are commonly applied, as used half a century ago, after the appearance of local and systemic symptoms (abdominal and back pain, cholestasis, painless jaundice, fatigue, anorexia, weight loss, anemia, peripheral phlebitis, and cachexia). Unfortunately, these symptoms are harbingers of an advanced disease. The subsequent imaging methods may offer additional information on the location, size, and morphology of the lesion, but they do not influence the prognosis. Radical surgery may be offered to 15-20% of patients. The relapses after surgery are frequent and chemotherapy may be palliative. Preventive programs represent the only possibility of improvement. We propose the first multistep and multidisciplinary preventive program for early detection of sporadic pancreatic cancer for the differential identification of average-risk patients who probably have the disease from those who do not.

• MeSH
• časná detekce nádoru * MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• duktální karcinom slinivky břišní diagnóza   mortalita   terapie   MeSH
• hodnocení rizik MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory slinivky břišní diagnóza   mortalita   terapie   MeSH
• prediktivní hodnota testů MeSH
• prognóza MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs (18-22 nucleotides) that regulate gene expression and are associated with various diseases, including Laryngeal Cancer (LCa), which has a high mortality rate due to late diagnosis. Traditional methods for miRNA detection present several drawbacks (time-consuming steps, high cost and high false positive rate). Early-stage diagnosis and selective detection of miRNAs remain challenging. This study proposes a 3D flexible biosensor that combines nanofibers (NFs), gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), and an inverse molecular sentinel (iMS) for enzyme-free, SERS-based detection of miRNA-223-3p, evaluated as a potential LCa biomarker. The electrospun flexible nanofibers decorated with AuNPs enhance Raman signal. Selective detection of miRNA-223-3p is achieved by immobilizing an iMS-DNA probe labeled with a Raman reporter (Cyanine 3) on the AuNPs. The iMS distinctive stem-and-loop structure undergoes a conformational change upon interaction with the miRNA-223-3p, producing an "on to off" SERS signal. The proposed sensor demonstrated a linear detection range from 10 to 250 fM, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 19.50 ± 0.05 fM. The sensor selectivity was confirmed by analyzing the SERS signal behaviour in the presence of both Non-complementary miRNA and miRNA with three mismatched base pairs. This easily fabricable sensor requires no amplification and offers key advantages, including sensitivity, flexibility, and cost-effectiveness.

• Klíčová slova
• Flexible sensors, Laryngeal Cancer, Nanofiber, SERS, miRNA-223-3p,
• MeSH
• biosenzitivní techniky * metody   MeSH
• časná detekce nádoru * metody   MeSH
• kovové nanočástice chemie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• limita detekce MeSH
• mikro RNA * analýza   genetika   MeSH
• nádory hrtanu * diagnóza   genetika   MeSH
• nanovlákna * chemie   MeSH
• Ramanova spektroskopie * metody   MeSH
• zlato chemie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• mikro RNA * MeSH
• MIRN223 microRNA, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• zlato MeSH

Early detection of colorectal cancer (CRC) is the key for prevention and the ability to impact long-term survival of CRC patients. Current CRC screening modalities are inadequate for global application because of low sensitivity and specificity in case of conventional stool-based screening tests, and high costs and a low participation compliance in colonoscopy. An accurate stool- or blood-based screening test with use of innovative biomarkers is an appealing alternative as it is non-invasive and poses minimal risk to patients. It is easy to perform, can be repeated at shorter intervals, and therefore would likely lead to a much higher compliance rates. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have recently gained attention because of their involvement in different biological processes, such as proliferation, differentiation, migration, angiogenesis and apoptosis. An increasing number of studies have demonstrated that mutations or abnormal expression of ncRNAs are closely associated with various cancers, including CRC. The discovery that ncRNAs (mainly microRNAs) are stable in stool and in blood plasma and serum presents the opportunity to develop novel strategies taking advantage of circulating ncRNAs as early diagnostic biomarkers of CRC. This chapter is a comprehensive examination of aberrant ncRNAs expression levels in tumor tissue, stool and blood of CRC patients and a summary of the current findings on ncRNAs, including microRNAs, small nucleolar RNAs, small nuclear RNAs, Piwi-interacting RNAs, circular RNAs and long ncRNAs in regards to their potential usage for screening or early detection of CRC.

• Klíčová slova
• Colorectal cancer, Early diagnosis, Non-coding RNA, Screening, lncRNA, microRNA, piRNAs, snRNAs, snoRNAs,
• MeSH
• adenokarcinom chemie   diagnóza   genetika   MeSH
• adenom chemie   diagnóza   genetika   MeSH
• časná detekce nádoru metody   MeSH
• feces chemie   MeSH
• kolorektální nádory chemie   diagnóza   genetika   MeSH
• krevní plazma MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádorové biomarkery analýza   krev   MeSH
• nekódující RNA analýza   krev   MeSH
• pacientův souhlas se zdravotní péčí MeSH
• polypy tlustého střeva chemie   diagnóza   genetika   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u nádorů MeSH
• senzitivita a specificita MeSH
• sérum MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• nádorové biomarkery MeSH
• nekódující RNA MeSH