The first study carried out in the CSFR covered 644 samples of blood sera from the district of Uherské Hradistĕ (about 1,000 km2 and 150,000 population) during March-May 1990. The samples from the selected persons (over 18 years of age) were collected within 4 sampling weeks. Ochratoxin A (OA) was established densitometrically after the minicolumn separation with HPTLC. The detection limit was about 0.5 microgram OA/l, recovery about 95%. The maximum established value was 12 micrograms OA/l. The value 1 microgram OA/l was exceeded by 12.4% of samples. Seventy-eight per cent of samples were under the detection limit. After stratification of the experimental group (according to sex and age) higher numbers of findings above 1 microgram OA/l were found in the stratum of 30-40 years (males and females) and in the age group over 60 (females). The differences were statistically insignificant (contingency table analysis, alpha > 0.10). The high statistical significance (contingency table analysis) of difference (alpha < 0.01) showed the findings over 1 microgram OA/l, and the date of the sampling week. The graphic analysis (localisation of the results in the map of the area) did not support the hypothesis of the dependence of the results over 1 microgram OA/l on the place of residence. The results do not support the hypothesis on the sites with a higher level of OA contamination in the studied district. We assume the OA hazard sources originating from both the individual and communal food supply.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• ochratoxiny krev   MeSH
• pilotní projekty MeSH
• rozložení podle pohlaví MeSH
• věkové rozložení MeSH
• vystavení vlivu životního prostředí analýza   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Názvy látek
• ochratoxin A MeSH Prohlížeč
• ochratoxiny MeSH

The air humidity in Antarctica is very low and this peculiar weather parameter make the use of flame retardants in research facilities highly needed for safety reasons, as fires are a major risk. Legacy and novel flame retardants (nFRs) including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE), Dechlorane Plus (DP), and other nFRs were measured in indoor dust samples collected at research Stations in Antarctica: Gabriel de Castilla, Spain (GCS), Julio Escudero, Chile (JES), and onboard the RRS James Clark Ross, United Kingdom (RRS JCR). The GC-HRMS and LC-MS-MS analyses of dust samples revealed ∑7PBDEs of 41.5 ± 43.8 ng/g in rooms at GCS, 18.7 ± 11.6 ng/g at JES, and 27.2 ± 37.9 ng/g onboard the RRS JCR. PBDE pattern was different between the sites and most abundant congeners were BDE-183 (40%) at GCS, BDE-99 (50%) at JES, and BDE-153 (37%) onboard the RRS JCR. The ∑(4)HBCDs were 257 ± 407 ng/g, 14.9 ± 14.5 ng/g, and 761 ± 1043 ng/g in indoor dust collected in rooms at GCS, JES, and RRS JCR, respectively. The ∑9nFRs were 224 ± 178 ng/g at GCS, 14.1 ± 13.8 ng/g at JES, and 194 ± 392 ng/g on the RRS JCR. Syn- and anti-DP were detected in most of the samples and both isomers showed the highest concentrations at GCS: 163 ± 93.6 and 48.5 ± 61.1 ng/g, respectively. The laboratory and living room showed the highest concentration of HBCDs, DPs, BTBPE. The wide variations in FR levels in dust from the three research facilities and between differently used rooms reflect the different origin of furnishing, building materials and equipment. The potential health risk associated to a daily exposure via dust ingestion was assessed for selected FRs: BDEs 47, 99, and 153, α-, β-, and γ-HBCD, BTBPE, syn- and anti-DP. Although the estimated exposures are below the available reference doses, caution is needed given the expected increasing use of novel chemicals without a comprehensive toxicological profile.

• Klíčová slova
• Antarctic research facilities, DPs, Dust, HBCDs, Novel FRs, PBDEs,
• MeSH
• halogenované difenylethery analýza   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí MeSH
• prach analýza   MeSH
• retardanty hoření * analýza   MeSH
• vystavení vlivu životního prostředí analýza   MeSH
• znečištění vzduchu ve vnitřním prostředí * analýza   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Antarktida MeSH
• Chile MeSH
• Španělsko MeSH
• Spojené království MeSH
• Názvy látek
• halogenované difenylethery MeSH
• prach MeSH
• retardanty hoření * MeSH

OBJECTIVES: Acrylamide is a toxic compound that can be found it both occupational and non-occupational environments. This study focuses on its sources and health effects of its exposure. METHODS: Adverse effects of acrylamide, especially carcinogenic, genotoxic, and teratogenic were reported in many studies conducted on animals. Neurotoxicity was reported in workers exposed to acrylamide in the occupational environment. Another important source of populations' exposure to acrylamide is their nutrition. RESULTS: This study focuses on humans' exposure to acrylamide from various sources and its harmful effects on their health. CONCLUSIONS: Dietary intake of acrylamide, as well as occupational exposure, cigarette smoking, cosmetics usage and other environmental sources could have a significant effect on human health.

• Klíčová slova
• acrylamide, carcinogen, neurotoxin, occupational exposure, polyacrylamide,
• MeSH
• akrylamid * toxicita   MeSH
• karcinogeny toxicita   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nutriční stav účinky léků   MeSH
• poškození DNA účinky léků   MeSH
• pracovní expozice * škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• akrylamid * MeSH
• karcinogeny MeSH

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to analyse levels of selected heavy metals: chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and lead (Pb), and to recognize factors related to wells' stewardship. METHODS: The pilot study was realized in May 2018 in three villages in northwest of Slovakia. We analysed 69 water samples from private wells. The data on wells and well owners were obtained by self-administered questionnaire. The samples were analysed by atomic absorption spectroscopy with graphite furnace GF AAS (AAS GBC XplorAA 5000 with GBC GF 5000) equipped with hollow cathode lamps. Levels of heavy metals were compared with parametric values for drinking water stated in the Resolution of the Ministry of Health of the Slovak Republic No. 247/2017 Coll. RESULTS: The results indicated spatial variability in some heavy metal levels. Cadmium was not quantified in any sample. Copper and chromium levels were below the parametric value. Parametric values for manganese and lead were exceeded in 19 (27.5%) and 2 (2.9%) samples, respectively. Only 18 owners tested water quality. Busyness and financial cost most frequently discouraged users to carry out the water quality analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of heavy metals in well water can pose a serious public health problem, especially in rural areas without public water supply. Education on heavy metals' risks targeted at well owners could increase the awareness of the issue and minimize possible public health consequences.

• Klíčová slova
• drinking water, exposure, heavy metals, private well stewardship, water, well,
• MeSH
• hodnocení rizik MeSH
• kvalita vody MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí MeSH
• pilotní projekty MeSH
• těžké kovy * analýza   MeSH
• zásobování vodou MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Slovenská republika MeSH
• Názvy látek
• těžké kovy * MeSH

OBJECTIVE: Mercury dental amalgam restorations are an important source of chronic exposure to mercury in the whole population and special attention should be paid not only to occupational exposure to mercury during the preparation and administration of amalgam. The authors' report is an up-to-date contribution to the health risk assessment of mercury use in dentistry, namely occupational exposure to mercury in dentists working with dental amalgam and exposure to mercury in persons treated with amalgam dental restorations. METHODS: Determination of total mercury in samples of biological material (urine, hair) was performed during 2017 and 2018 in 50 persons by the AAS method using the mercury vapour generation technique at 254.6 nm. RESULTS: Current dental exposures based on the most recent findings do not exceed acceptable risk levels and are below the biological limit of mercury in urine valid for occupationally exposed persons (100 μg.g-1 of creatinine), namely median value was 1.48 (min. < limit of detection (LOD), max. 17.14) μg.g-1 of creatinine (40 persons), total mercury content in hair of dental personnel expressed as median value was 0.340 (min. 0.060, max.1.628) μg.g-1. In controls (10 persons) was total mercury content in urine expressed as median value 0.36 (min. < LOD, max. 2.74) μg.g-1 of creatinine, in hair was median value 0.224 (min. 0.059, max. 0.453) μg.g-1. CONCLUSIONS: Authors support opinion that amalgam fillings in the oral cavity are a permanent source of mercury for the body itself.

• Klíčová slova
• biological monitoring, dental amalgam, exposure, health risks, mercury,
• MeSH
• hodnocení rizik MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• pracovní expozice škodlivé účinky   analýza   MeSH
• rtuť škodlivé účinky   analýza   moč   MeSH
• vlasy, chlupy chemie   MeSH
• vystavení vlivu životního prostředí škodlivé účinky   analýza   MeSH
• zubní amalgam škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• rtuť MeSH
• zubní amalgam MeSH

Characterization of PCB exposure sources for vulnerable population groups is essential to minimize the health effects of PCB exposure. At the same time, it is important to consolidate the knowledge on threshold intakes of PCBs for infants and toddlers to prevent health effects. We estimated total PCB concentrations from birth to 2 years of age in children from Slovak and Czech populations, which continue to have high PCB concentrations in breast milk. Using a pharmacokinetic (PK) model, we characterized dominant PCB exposure sources and estimated new threshold estimated daily intakes (TEDI) (above which adverse effects cannot be excluded) for postnatal PCB exposure in infants and toddlers. In the PK model, concentrations of seven indicator PCBs in breast milk and cord blood samples from 291 mother-child pairs from the Slovak birth cohort, and 396 breast milk samples from Czech mothers we used, together with their physiological characteristics and PCB concentrations from other exposure sources (food, dust, air). The estimated total PCB concentrations in children's blood at different ages were compared with threshold PCB concentrations of 500, 700 and 1000 ng·glipid-1 in serum proposed by the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES) and the German Environment Agency (UBA), above which possible adverse health effects may be expected. We estimated that up to 20.6% of Slovak children and up to 45.7% of Czech children at two years of age exceeded the threshold value of 700 ng·glipid-1 in blood. Mean TEDIs leading to values of 500 ng·glipid-1 in blood for children up to two years ranged between 110 and 220 ng·kg-1·bw·day-1, varying according to breastfeeding duration. Breast milk and prenatal exposure contributed to 71%-85% of PCBs exposure at two years of age. In contrast, the contributions of PCBs from dust and indoor air were negligible.

• Klíčová slova
• Daily intakes, Human biomonitoring, Infant exposure, Physiologically based pharmacokinetic model, Polychlorinated biphenyls, Safety standards,
• MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• kojení MeSH
• látky znečišťující životní prostředí * analýza   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lipidy MeSH
• mateřské mléko chemie   MeSH
• nežádoucí účinky léčiv * MeSH
• polychlorované bifenyly * analýza   MeSH
• prach MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• Check Tag
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• látky znečišťující životní prostředí * MeSH
• lipidy MeSH
• polychlorované bifenyly * MeSH
• prach MeSH

BACKGROUND: Over 1800 food contact chemicals (FCCs) are known to migrate from food contact articles used to store, process, package, and serve foodstuffs. Many of these FCCs have hazard properties of concern, and still others have never been tested for toxicity. Humans are known to be exposed to FCCs via foods, but the full extent of human exposure to all FCCs is unknown. OBJECTIVE: To close this important knowledge gap, we conducted a systematic overview of FCCs that have been monitored and detected in human biomonitoring studies according to a previously published protocol. METHODS: We first compared the more than 14,000 known FCCs to five biomonitoring programs and three metabolome/exposome databases. In a second step, we prioritized FCCs that have been frequently detected in food contact materials and systematically mapped the available evidence for their presence in humans. RESULTS: For 25% of the known FCCs (3601), we found evidence for their presence in humans. This includes 194 FCCs from human biomonitoring programs, with 80 of these having hazard properties of high concern. Of the 3528 FCCs included in metabolome/exposome databases, most are from the Blood Exposome Database. We found evidence for the presence in humans for 63 of the 175 prioritized FCCs included in the systematic evidence map, and 59 of the prioritized FCCs lack hazard data. SIGNIFICANCE: Notwithstanding that there are also other sources of exposure for many FCCs, these data will help to prioritize FCCs of concern by linking information on migration and biomonitoring. Our results on FCCs monitored in humans are available as an interactive dashboard (FCChumon) to enable policymakers, public health researchers, and food industry decision-makers to make food contact materials and articles safer, reduce human exposure to hazardous FCCs and improve public health. IMPACT STATEMENT: We present systematically compiled evidence on human exposure to 3601 food contact chemicals (FCCs) and highlight FCCs that are of concern because of their known hazard properties. Further, we identify relevant data gaps for FCCs found in food contact materials and foods. This article improves the understanding of food contact materials' contribution to chemical exposure for the human population and highlights opportunities for improving public health.

• MeSH
• biologický monitoring MeSH
• kontaminace potravin * analýza   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• obaly potravin * MeSH
• vystavení vlivu životního prostředí * analýza   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

A widely discussed question is how much a nuclear power plant really contributes to irradiation of the people living in its vicinity. A number of laboratory and in situ measurements were performed in the area surrounding NPP Temelin, on the basis of which we can specify the irradiation of this area from various sources. The evaluation includes the contributions from natural sources, such as radon, terrestrial radiation and cosmic radiation, together with the contribution from inhalation and ingestion of radionuclides. Medical irradiation and nuclear fallout are also included.

• MeSH
• jaderné elektrárny statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• monitorování radiace statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• obsah radioaktivních látek v organizmu * MeSH
• radiační pozadí * MeSH
• vystavení vlivu životního prostředí analýza   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

Human biomonitoring (HBM) has a wide range of applications and long tradition both in health care and the field of public health. Its major advantage is the integration of all exposure routes and sources. Since HBM information is an integrated exposure finding it offers the opportunity to trace and mimic a realistic exposure scenario. It reduces the number of assumptions that need to be made when estimating exposure and thus helps to reduce the uncertainties in exposure science. In spite of some challenges, such as further harmonization in the area of HBM, necessity of deriving equivalents of markers of external exposure and addressing the ethical and political aspects of its application, HBM is an efficient and cost-effective way to measure exposure levels of the human body to xenobiotics.

• Klíčová slova
• exposure, human biomonitoring, mercury, xenobiotics,
• MeSH
• biologické markery MeSH
• látky znečišťující životní prostředí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí * MeSH
• ochrana veřejného zdraví * MeSH
• veřejné zdravotnictví MeSH
• vystavení vlivu životního prostředí * MeSH
• xenobiotika škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• biologické markery MeSH
• látky znečišťující životní prostředí MeSH
• xenobiotika MeSH

OBJECTIVE: Cadmium exposure is a common problem in the production of nickel-cadmium batteries. However, keeping the respective legislative occupational and safety policies is essential, but there are problems with compliance. We analysed the effect of strategies to increase compliance with precautions during 20132015 on 59 workers at a nickel-cadmium battery factory. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A health promotion program was implemented in two phases. The first phase included comprehensive education on the importance of appropriate behaviour and changes to the sanitation program. The second phase included renovation of sanitary facilities and modernization of the air exhaust ventilation. RESULTS: The initial median cadmium urinary level in workers was 1.9 µg/g creatinine. After the first phase of interventions, levels dropped to 1.0 µg/g creatinine. After the second phase no significant further decrease was observed. CONCLUSION: Comprehensive education and changes in the sanitation program were able to halve cadmium levels and can be considered a useful and cost-effective preventive tool.

• Klíčová slova
• Behaviour, Cadmium, Compliance, Education, Workplace,
• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• hygiena práce * MeSH
• kadmium moč   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nikl MeSH
• otrava kadmiem prevence a kontrola   moč   MeSH
• podpora zdraví metody   MeSH
• pracoviště MeSH
• pracovní expozice prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• výrobní a průmyslová zařízení MeSH
• zdroje elektrické energie * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• kadmium MeSH
• nikl MeSH