The distribution of patch occupancy (the proportion of suitable patches occupied by a species) in ecological communities is often unimodal with a mode at minimum patch occupancy values, or bimodal with two local maxima that correspond to the minimum and the maximum patch occupancy. The bimodal distribution is predicted by a metapopulation model known as the core-satellite species hypothesis, but could also be an artifact caused by spatially restricted sampling from a unimodal distribution. A sampling artifact with the opposite effect, producing samples with a unimodal patch occupancy distribution from communities with a bimodal distribution is described here. This artifact is particularly likely to occur when the accuracy of sampling varies among species, as is often the case.

• Klíčová slova
• Core-satellite species hypothesis, Metapopulation, Patch occupancy, Sampling artifacts,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes immune dysregulation during the Critical Window of Immunological Development. We hypothesize that thymocyte development is altered by infected thymic antigen presenting cells (TAPCs) in the fetal/neonatal thymus that interact with double-positive thymocytes causing an acute deficiency of T cells that produces "holes" in the T cell repertoire allowing for poor recognition of PRRSV and other neonatal pathogens. The deficiency may be the result of random elimination of PRRSV-specific T cells or the generation of T cells that accept PRRSV epitopes as self-antigens. Loss of helper T cells for virus neutralizing (VN) epitopes can result in the failure of selection for B cells in lymph node germinal centers capable of producing high affinity VN antibodies. Generation of cytotoxic and regulatory T cells may also be impaired. Similar to infections with LDV, LCMV, MCMV, HIV-1 and trypanosomes, the host responds to the deficiency of pathogen-specific T cells and perhaps regulatory T cells, by "last ditch" polyclonal B cell activation. In colostrum-deprived PRRSV-infected isolator piglets, this results in hypergammaglobulinemia, which we believe to be a "red herring" that detracts attention from the thymic atrophy story, but leads to our second independent hypothesis. Since hypergammaglobulinemia has not been reported in PRRSV-infected conventionally-reared piglets, we hypothesize that this is due to the down-regulatory effect of passive maternal IgG and cytokines in porcine colostrum, especially TGFβ which stimulates development of regulatory T cells (Tregs).

• Klíčová slova
• PRRS virus, T cell repertoire, hypergammaglobulinemia, hypothesis, thymic atrophy,
• MeSH
• hypergamaglobulinemie krev   etiologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• imunoglobulinové izotypy krev   imunologie   MeSH
• interakce hostitele a patogenu imunologie   MeSH
• náchylnost k nemoci MeSH
• pandemie MeSH
• prasata MeSH
• protilátky virové krev   imunologie   MeSH
• reprodukční a respirační syndrom prasat krev   epidemiologie   etiologie   MeSH
• T-lymfocyty cytologie   imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• thymocyty cytologie   imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• thymus imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• virus reprodukčního a respiračního syndromu prasat fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• imunoglobulinové izotypy MeSH
• protilátky virové MeSH

Patient health record analysis models assist the medical field to understand the current stands and medical needs. Similarly, collecting and analyzing the disease features are the best practice for encouraging medical researchers to understand the research problems. Various research works evolve the way of medical data analysis schemes to know the actual challenges against the diseases. The computer-based diagnosis models and medical data analysis models are widely applied to have a better understanding of different diseases. Particularly, the field of medical electronics needs appropriate health indicator extraction models in near future. The existing medical schemes support baseline solutions but lack optimal hypothesis-based solutions. This work describes the optimal hypothesis model and Akin procedures for health record users, to aid health sectors in clinical decision-making on health indications. This work proposes Medical Hypothesis and Health Indicators Extraction from Electronic Medical Records (EMR) and International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) patient examination database using the Akin Method and Friendship method. In this Health Indicators and Disease Symptoms Extraction (HIDSE), the evidence checking procedures find and collect all possible medical evidence from the existing patient examination report. Akin Method is making the hypothesis decision from count-based evidence principles. The health indicators extraction scheme extracts all relevant information based on the health indicators query and partial input. Similarly, the friendship method is used for making information associations between medical data attributes. This Akin-Friendship model helps to build hypothesis structures and trait-based feature extraction principles. This is called as Composite Akin Friendship Model (CAFM). This proposed model consists of various test cases for developing the medical hypothesis systems. On the other hand, it provides limited accuracy in disease classification. In this regard, the proposed HIDSE implements Deep Learning (DL) based Akin Friendship Method (DLAFM) for improving the accuracy of this medical hypothesis model. The proposed DLAFM, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) associated Legacy Prediction Model for Health Indicator (LPHI) is developed to tune the CAFM principles. The results show the proposed health indicator extraction scheme has 8-10% of better system performance than other existing techniques.

• Klíčová slova
• Artificial Intelligence, Convolutional Neural Networks, Deep Learning, Health Indicators, Medical Hypothesis,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The present study addresses the main contention of the Noticing Hypothesis that conscious attention is necessary for successful learning. Arguments are given against the strong version of the hypothesis, under which one cannot acquire new language forms without conscious attention. Foreign learners were tested on their familiarity with formulaic expressions especially selected for their low salience. Additionally, the expressions used were tested for the likelihood of attracting attention. The results suggest that despite their inconspicuousness, such expressions are part of learners' lexical representations. Students' performance was found to correlate with usage patterns found in the input, a strong indication that their lexical representations are shaped by numerous encounters with specific uses of these expressions. It is argued that conscious attention is unlikely in even most, let alone all encounters. While the importance of awareness is not debated here, this study questions conscious attention as a default condition for learning.

• Klíčová slova
• Formulaic language, Incidental learning, Irreversible binomials, Noticing hypothesis,
• MeSH
• jazyk (prostředek komunikace) * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• pozornost * fyziologie   MeSH
• rozpoznávání (psychologie) fyziologie   MeSH
• učení fyziologie   MeSH
• uvědomování si fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The phenotype-linked fertility hypothesis suggests that females can judge male fertility by inspecting male phenotypic traits. This is because male sexually selected traits might correlate with sperm quality if both are sensitive to factors that influence male condition. A recent meta-analysis found little support for this hypothesis, suggesting little or no shared condition dependence. However, we recently reported that in captive zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) inbreeding had detrimental effects both on phenotypic traits and on measures of sperm quality, implying that variation in inbreeding could induce positive covariance between indicator traits and sperm quality. Therefore, we here assess empirically the average strength of correlations between phenotypic traits (courtship rate, beak colour, tarsus length) and measures of sperm quality (proportion of functional sperm, sperm velocity, sperm length) in populations of only outbred individuals and in mixed populations consisting of inbreds (F = 0.25) and outbreds (F = 0). As expected, phenotype sperm-trait correlations were stronger when the population contained a mix of inbred and outbred individuals. We also found unexpected heterogeneity between our two study populations, with correlations being considerably stronger in a domesticated population than in a recently wild-derived population. Correlations ranged from essentially zero among outbred-only wild-derived birds (mean Fisher's Zr ± SE = 0.03 ± 0.10) to moderately strong among domesticated birds of mixed inbreeding status (Zr ± SE = 0.38 ± 0.08). Our results suggest that, under some conditions, the phenotype-linked fertility hypothesis might apply.

• Klíčová slova
• display behaviour, mate choice, phenotype-linked fertility hypothesis, precopulatory traits, sexual selection, sperm abnormalities, sperm quality, sperm velocity,
• MeSH
• fenotyp MeSH
• fertilita * MeSH
• inbreeding * MeSH
• námluvy MeSH
• Passeriformes * MeSH
• spermie MeSH
• zobák MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Depression is a mental health condition for which individuals commonly seek treatment. However, depressive episodes often resolve on their own, even without treatment. One evolutionary perspective, the analytical rumination hypothesis (ARH), suggests that depression occurs in response to complex problems. According to this perspective, depressive symptoms promote analytical rumination, i.e., distraction-resistant thoughts about the causes of problems [causal analysis (CA)] and how they can be solved [problem-solving analysis (PSA)]. By helping individuals solve complex problems, analytical rumination may contribute to remission from depression. The aim of this study was to investigate (1) whether clinically-depressed individuals have more complex problems and engage in more CA and PSA than non-depressed and (2) the effects of CA and PSA on decreases in problem complexity, depressive symptoms, and remission from the depression. Samples of 85 patients were treated for depression with antidepressants and psychotherapy, and 49 healthy subjects were assessed three times over a 4-month period (at Weeks 1, 5, and 16). At each assessment, they completed measures of depression, analytical rumination, and problem complexity. Depressed individuals reported having more complex problems and engaging in more CA than non-depressed participants. The two groups engaged in a similar degree of PSA. Findings from a multiple regression suggested that more PSA at Week 1 was related to a decrease in depressive symptoms at Week 5, even after controlling for baseline depression, problem number, and complexity. PSA at Week 1 did not predict the remission after hospitalization or at follow-up; however, having less complex problems at the baseline made it more likely that a patient would later remit. Engaging in more CA or PSA at Week 1 did not affect perceived problem complexity at Week 5 or at follow-up. However, these findings were not statistically significant when influential observations (or outliers) were included in the analysis. Our findings suggest that PSA may contribute to a decrease in symptoms of depression over time. However, alleviations in problem complexity and remission might only be achieved if problems are initially less complex. Future directions involve exploring how PSA might contribute to decreases in depressive symptoms and other mechanisms underlying remission from depression.

• Klíčová slova
• analysis, analytical rumination hypothesis, depression, evolution, problem-solving,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

An increasing number of human diseases has been shown to be linked to aggregation and amyloid formation by intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs). Amylin, amyloid-β, and α-synuclein are, indeed, involved in type-II diabetes, Alzheimer's, and Parkinson's, respectively. Despite the correlation of the toxicity of these proteins at early aggregation stages with membrane damage, the molecular events underlying the process is quite complex to understand. In this study, we demonstrate the crucial role of free lipids in the formation of lipid-protein complex, which enables an easy membrane insertion for amylin, amyloid-β, and α-synuclein. Experimental results from a variety of biophysical methods and molecular dynamics results reveal that this common molecular pathway in membrane poration is shared by amyloidogenic (amylin, amyloid-β, and α-synuclein) and nonamyloidogenic (rat IAPP, β-synuclein) proteins. Based on these results, we propose a "lipid-chaperone" hypothesis as a unifying framework for protein-membrane poration.

• Klíčová slova
• Alzheimer, Intrinsically disordered proteins, Parkinson, diabetes mellitus, lipid-chaperone hypothesis, oxidized lipids,
• MeSH
• alfa-synuklein MeSH
• amylin MeSH
• amyloid MeSH
• amyloidogenní proteiny MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• lipidy MeSH
• vnitřně neuspořádané proteiny * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
• Názvy látek
• alfa-synuklein MeSH
• amylin MeSH
• amyloid MeSH
• amyloidogenní proteiny MeSH
• lipidy MeSH
• vnitřně neuspořádané proteiny * MeSH

The evolution of whole-body endothermy occurred independently in dinosaurs and mammals and was associated with some of the most significant neurocognitive shifts in life's history. These included a 20-fold increase in neurons and the evolution of new brain structures, supporting similar functions in both lineages. We propose the endothermic brain hypothesis, which holds that elaborations in endotherm brains were geared towards increasing caloric intake through efficient foraging. The hypothesis is grounded in the intrinsic coupling of cognition and organismic self-maintenance. We argue that coevolution of increased metabolism and new forms of cognition should be jointly investigated in comparative studies of behaviors and brain anatomy, along with studies of fossil species. We suggest avenues for such research and highlight critical open questions.

• Klíčová slova
• brain evolution, cognitive evolution, dinosaur cognition, endothermy,
• MeSH
• biologická evoluce * MeSH
• kognice * fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mozek * fyziologie   MeSH
• potraviny MeSH
• stravovací zvyklosti fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

The G-20 countries represent a considerable percentage of the global economy and are crucial in matters to do with support for environmental sustainability. The uniqueness of this study lies in determining the effects of forests on human well-being and environmental degradation with respect to G20, offering a unique perspective regarding the efforts to battle climate change. The study analyzed the impact of income, forest extent and education on ecological and carbon intensity of well-being following the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis. Based on annual data from 1990 to 2022 and employing the Method of Moments Quantile Regression, the results validate the presence of an inverted U-shaped relationship between GDP and environmental well-being which refers to the existence of EKC. Our results connect improved ecological and carbon intensity of well-being with expanding forest extent and improving education levels. Forest management combined with educational management work as an effective mechanism reducing environmental degradation while also positively contributing to human well-being. In addition, through these informed and rational decisions, policy makers can promote the environmental stability of forests.

• Klíčová slova
• Carbon intensity of well-being, EKC hypothesis, Ecological intensity of well-being, Forest extent, Method of moments quantile regression,
• MeSH
• klimatické změny * MeSH
• lesnictví MeSH
• lesy * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• uhlík analýza   MeSH
• zachování přírodních zdrojů * metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• uhlík MeSH

The recent progress report of Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 2023 highlighted the extreme reactions of environmental degradation. This report also shows that the current efforts for achieving environmental sustainability (SDG 13) are inadequate and a comprehensive policy agenda is needed. However, the present literature has highlighted several determinants of environmental degradation but the influence of geopolitical risk on environmental quality (EQ) is relatively ignored. To fill this research gap and propose a inclusive policy structure for achieving the sustainable development goals. This study is the earliest attempt that delve into the effects o of geopolitical risk (GPR), financial development (FD), and renewable energy consumption (REC) on load capacity factor (LCF) under the framework of load capacity curve (LCC) hypothesis for selected Asian countries during 1990-2020. In this regard, we use several preliminary sensitivity tests to check the features and reliability of the dataset. Similarly, we use panel quantile regression for investigating long-run relationships. The factual results affirm the existence of the LCC hypothesis in selected Asian countries. Our findings also show that geopolitical risk reduces environmental quality whereas financial development and REC increase environmental quality. Drawing from the empirical findings, this study suggests a holistic policy approach for achieving the targets of SDG 13 (climate change).

• Klíčová slova
• Financial development, Geopolitical risk, LCC hypothesis, Panel quantile regression,
• MeSH
• ekonomický rozvoj MeSH
• klimatické změny * MeSH
• obnovitelná energie MeSH
• oxid uhličitý MeSH
• postup * MeSH
• reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Asie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• oxid uhličitý MeSH