Despite the homogenizing effect of strong gene flow between two populations, adaptation under symmetric divergent selection pressures results in partial reproductive isolation: adaptive substitutions act as local barriers to gene flow, and if divergent selection continues unimpeded, this will result in complete reproductive isolation of the two populations, i.e. speciation. However, a key issue in framing the process of speciation as a tension between local adaptation and the homogenizing force of gene flow is that the mutation process is blind to changes in the environment and therefore tends to limit adaptation. Here we investigate how globally beneficial mutations (GBMs) affect divergent local adaptation and reproductive isolation. When phenotypic divergence is finite, we show that the presence of GBMs limits local adaptation, generating a persistent genetic load at the loci that contribute to the trait under divergent selection and reducing genome-wide divergence. Furthermore, we show that while GBMs cannot prohibit the process of continuous differentiation, they induce a substantial delay in the genome-wide shutdown of gene flow. This article is part of the theme issue 'Towards the completion of speciation: the evolution of reproductive isolation beyond the first barriers'.

• Klíčová slova
• divergent selection, ecological speciation, gene flow, local adaptation, reproductive isolation,
• MeSH
• biologická adaptace genetika   MeSH
• modely genetické MeSH
• reprodukční izolace * MeSH
• selekce (genetika) fyziologie   MeSH
• tok genů * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Sensory systems are attractive evolutionary models to address how organisms adapt to local environments that can cause ecological speciation. However, tests of these evolutionary models have focused on visual, auditory, and olfactory senses. Here, we show local adaptation of bitter taste receptor genes in two neighboring populations of a wild mammal-the blind mole rat Spalax galili-that show ecological speciation in divergent soil environments. We found that basalt-type bitter receptors showed higher response intensity and sensitivity compared with chalk-type ones using both genetic and cell-based functional analyses. Such functional changes could help animals adapted to basalt soil select plants with less bitterness from diverse local foods, whereas a weaker reception to bitter taste may allow consumption of a greater range of plants for animals inhabiting chalk soil with a scarcity of food supply. Our study shows divergent selection on food resources through local adaptation of bitter receptors, and suggests that taste plays an important yet underappreciated role in speciation.

• Klíčová slova
• bitter taste, ecological speciation, functional assay, local adaptation,
• MeSH
• chuť genetika   MeSH
• fyziologická adaptace genetika   MeSH
• savci MeSH
• Spalax * genetika   MeSH
• vznik druhů (genetika) MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH

It is normally supposed that populations of the same species should evolve shared mechanisms of adaptation to common stressors due to evolutionary constraint. Here, we describe a system of within-species local adaptation to coastal habitats, Brassica fruticulosa, and detail surprising strategic variability in adaptive responses to high salinity. These different adaptive responses in neighboring populations are evidenced by transcriptomes, diverse physiological outputs, and distinct genomic selective landscapes. In response to high salinity Northern Catalonian populations restrict root-to-shoot Na+ transport, favoring K+ uptake. Contrastingly, Central Catalonian populations accumulate Na+ in leaves and compensate for the osmotic imbalance with compatible solutes such as proline. Despite contrasting responses, both metapopulations were salinity tolerant relative to all inland accessions. To characterize the genomic basis of these divergent adaptive strategies in an otherwise non-saline-tolerant species, we generate a long-read-based genome and population sequencing of 18 populations (nine inland, nine coastal) across the B. fruticulosa species range. Results of genomic and transcriptomic approaches support the physiological observations of distinct underlying mechanisms of adaptation to high salinity and reveal potential genetic targets of these two very recently evolved salinity adaptations. We therefore provide a model of within-species salinity adaptation and reveal cryptic variation in neighboring plant populations in the mechanisms of adaptation to an important natural stressor highly relevant to agriculture.

• Klíčová slova
• Brassicaceae, adaptation, evolution, population genomics, salinity,
• MeSH
• Brassica * genetika   fyziologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• ekosystém MeSH
• fyziologická adaptace * genetika   MeSH
• genetická variace MeSH
• genom rostlinný MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u rostlin MeSH
• salinita * MeSH
• sodík metabolismus   MeSH
• tolerance k soli genetika   MeSH
• transkriptom MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• sodík MeSH

One of the most vulnerable phases in the plant life cycle is sexual reproduction, which depends on effective pollen transfer, but also on the thermotolerance of pollen grains. Pollen thermotolerance is temperature-dependent and may be reduced by increasing temperature associated with global warming. A growing body of research has focused on the effect of increased temperature on pollen thermotolerance in crops to understand the possible impact of temperature extremes on yield. Yet, little is known about the effects of temperature on pollen thermotolerance of wild plant species. To fill this gap, we selected Lotus corniculatus s.l. (Fabaceae), a species common to many European habitats and conducted laboratory experiments to test its pollen thermotolerance in response to artificial increase in temperature. To test for possible local adaptation of pollen thermal tolerance, we compared data from six lowland (389-451 m a.s.l.) and six highland (841-1,030 m a.s.l.) populations. We observed pollen germination in vitro at 15 °C, 25 °C, 30 °C, and 40 °C. While lowland plants maintained a stable germination percentage across a broad temperature range (15-30 °C) and exhibited reduced germination only at extremely high temperatures (40 °C), highland plants experienced reduced germination even at 30 °C-temperatures commonly exceeded in lowlands during warm summers. This suggests that lowland populations of L. corniculatus may be locally adapted to higher temperature for pollen germination. On the other hand, pollen tube length decreased with increasing temperature in a similar way in lowland and highland plants. The overall average pollen germination percentage significantly differed between lowland and highland populations, with highland populations displaying higher germination percentage. On the other hand, the average pollen tube length was slightly smaller in highland populations. In conclusion, we found that pollen thermotolerance of L. corniculatus is reduced at high temperature and that the germination of pollen from plant populations growing at higher elevations is more sensitive to increased temperature, which suggests possible local adaptation of pollen thermotolerance.

• Klíčová slova
• Elevational gradient, Heat stress, Local adaptation, Plant reproduction, Pollen, Pollen viability, Pollination, Thermotolerance,
• MeSH
• aklimatizace fyziologie   MeSH
• fyziologická adaptace fyziologie   MeSH
• globální oteplování MeSH
• klíčení fyziologie   MeSH
• klimatické změny MeSH
• Lotus * fyziologie   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• nadmořská výška MeSH
• pyl * fyziologie   MeSH
• teplota MeSH
• termotolerance * fyziologie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

As climate change continues, species pushed outside their physiological tolerance limits must adapt or face extinction. When change is rapid, adaptation will largely harness ancestral variation, making the availability and characteristics of that variation of critical importance. Here, we used whole-genome sequencing and genetic-environment association analyses to identify adaptive variation and its significance in the context of future climates in a small Palearctic mammal, the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus). We found that peripheral populations of bank vole in Britain are already at the extreme bounds of potential genetic adaptation and may require an influx of adaptive variation in order to respond. Analyses of adaptive loci suggest regional differences in climate variables select for variants that influence patterns of population adaptive resilience, including genes associated with antioxidant defense, and support a pattern of thermal/hypoxic cross-adaptation. Our findings indicate that understanding potential shifts in genomic composition in response to climate change may be key to predicting species' fate under future climates.

• MeSH
• Arvicolinae genetika   MeSH
• fyziologická adaptace genetika   MeSH
• genom MeSH
• hlodavci * genetika   MeSH
• klimatické změny MeSH
• savci * genetika   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Genetic differentiation among plant populations and adaptation to local environmental conditions are well documented. However, few studies have examined the potential contribution of plant antagonists, such as insect herbivores and pathogens, to the pattern of local adaptation. Here, a reciprocal transplant experiment was set up at three sites across Europe using two common plant species, Holcus lanatus and Plantago lanceolata. The amount of damage by the main above-ground plant antagonists was measured: a rust fungus infecting Holcus and a specialist beetle feeding on Plantago, both in low-density monoculture plots and in competition with interspecific neighbours. Strong genetic differentiation among provenances in the amount of damage by antagonists in both species was found. Local provenances of Holcus had significantly higher amounts of rust infection than foreign provenances, whereas local provenances of Plantago were significantly less damaged by the specialist beetle than the foreign provenances. The presence of surrounding vegetation affected the amount of damage but had little influence on the ranking of plant provenances. The opposite pattern of population differentiation in resistance to local antagonists in the two species suggests that it will be difficult to predict the consequences of plant translocations for interactions with organisms of higher trophic levels.

• MeSH
• Basidiomycota * MeSH
• brouci * MeSH
• fyziologická adaptace * MeSH
• genetická variace MeSH
• Holcus růst a vývoj   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• nemoci rostlin * mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Plantago růst a vývoj   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• stravovací zvyklosti MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Listeners usually understand without difficulty even speech that sounds atypical. When they encounter noncanonical realizations of speech sounds, listeners can make short-term adjustments of their long-term representations of those sounds. Previous research, focusing mostly on adaptation in consonants, has suggested that for perceptual adaptation to take place some local cues (lexical, phonotactic, or visual) have to guide listeners' interpretation of the atypical sounds. In the present experiment we investigated perceptual adaptation in vowels. Our first aim was to show whether perceptual adaptation generalizes to unexposed but phonologically related vowels. To this end, we exposed Greek listeners to words or nonwords containing manipulated /i/ or /e/, and tested whether they adapted their perception of the /i/-/e/ contrast, as well as the unexposed /u/-/o/ contrast, which represents the same phonological height distinction. Our second aim was to test whether perceptual adaptation in vowels requires local context. Thus, a half of our listeners heard the manipulated vowels in real Greek words, while the other half heard them in nonwords providing no phonotactic cues on vowel identity. The results showed similar adjustment of /i/-/e/ categorization and of /u/-/o/ categorization, which indicates generalization of perceptual adaptation across phonologically related vowels. Furthermore, adaptation occurred irrespective of whether local context cues were present or not, suggesting that, at least in vowels, adaptation can be based on the distribution of auditory properties in the input. Our findings, confirming that fast perceptual adaptation in adult listeners occurs even for vowels, highlight the role of phonological abstraction in speech perception. (PsycINFO Database Record

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• fonetika * MeSH
• fyziologická adaptace fyziologie   MeSH
• generalizace (psychologie) fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• percepce řeči fyziologie   MeSH
• psycholingvistika * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Disruption of species interactions is a key issue in climate change biology. Interactions involving forest trees may be particularly vulnerable due to evolutionary rate limitations imposed by long generation times. One mitigation strategy for such impacts is Climate matching - the augmentation of local native tree populations by input from nonlocal populations currently experiencing predicted future climates. This strategy is controversial because of potential cascading impacts on locally adapted animal communities. We explored these impacts using abundance data for local native gallwasp herbivores sampled from 20 provenances of sessile oak (Quercus petraea) planted in a common garden trial. We hypothesized that non-native provenances would show (i) declining growth performance with increasing distance between provenance origin and trial site, and (ii) phenological differences to local oaks that increased with latitudinal differences between origin and trial site. Under a local adaptation hypothesis, we predicted declining gallwasp abundance with increasing phenological mismatch between native and climate-matched trees. Both hypotheses for oaks were supported. Provenance explained significant variation in gallwasp abundance, but no gall type showed the relationship between abundance and phenological mismatch predicted by a local adaptation hypothesis. Our results show that climate matching would have complex and variable impacts on oak gall communities.

• Klíčová slova
• Quercus petraea, adaptive forest management, climate matching, gallwasp, local adaptation, plant–insect interactions, population nonindependence, provenance trials,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Local adaptation is used as a criterion to select plant materials that will display high fitness in new environments. A large body of research has explored local adaptation in plants, however, to what extent findings can inform management decisions has not been formally evaluated. We assessed local adaptation literature for six key experimental methodologies that have the greatest effect on the application of research to selecting plant materials for natural resource management: experimental environment, response variables, maternal effects, intraspecific variation, selective agents, and spatial and temporal variability. We found that less than half of experiments used reciprocal transplants or natural field conditions, which are both informative for revegetation and restoration. Population growth rate was rarely (5%) assessed, and most studies measured only single generations (96%) and ran for less than a year. Emergence and establishment are limiting factors in successful revegetation and restoration, but the majority of studies measured later life-history stages (66%). Additionally, most studies included limited replication at the population and habitat levels and tested response to single abiotic selective factors (66%). Local adaptation research should be cautiously applied to management; future research could use alternative methodologies to allow managers to directly apply findings.

• Klíčová slova
• ecological experiments, experimental design, experimental methodology, lifetime fitness, local adaptation, plants,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Assessing the association between temperature frequency and mortality can provide insights into human adaptation to local ambient temperatures. We collected daily time-series data on mortality and temperature from 757 locations in 47 countries/regions during 1979-2020. We used a two-stage time series design to assess the association between temperature frequency and all-cause mortality. The results were pooled at the national, regional, and global levels. We observed a consistent decrease in the risk of mortality as the normalized frequency of temperature increases across the globe. The average increase in mortality risk comparing the 10th to 100th percentile of normalized frequency was 13.03% (95% CI: 12.17-13.91), with substantial regional differences (from 4.56% in Australia and New Zealand to 33.06% in South Europe). The highest increase in mortality was observed for high-income countries (13.58%, 95% CI: 12.56-14.61), followed by lower-middle-income countries (12.34%, 95% CI: 9.27-15.51). This study observed a declining risk of mortality associated with higher temperature frequency. Our findings suggest that populations can adapt to their local climate with frequent exposure, with the adapting ability varying geographically due to differences in climatic and socioeconomic characteristics.

• Klíčová slova
• Adaptation, Climate change, Frequency, Mortality, Temperature,
• MeSH
• aklimatizace fyziologie   MeSH
• klimatické změny MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mortalita * trendy   MeSH
• podnebí MeSH
• teplota MeSH
• vysoká teplota škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Austrálie MeSH
• Nový Zéland MeSH