Logging, pervasive across the lowland tropics, affects millions of hectares of forest, yet its influence on nutrient cycling remains poorly understood. One hypothesis is that logging influences phosphorus (P) cycling, because this scarce nutrient is removed in extracted timber and eroded soil, leading to shifts in ecosystem functioning and community composition. However, testing this is challenging because P varies within landscapes as a function of geology, topography and climate. Superimposed upon these trends are compositional changes in logged forests, with species with more acquisitive traits, characterized by higher foliar P concentrations, more dominant. It is difficult to resolve these patterns using traditional field approaches alone. Here, we use airborne light detection and ranging-guided hyperspectral imagery to map foliar nutrient (i.e. P, nitrogen [N]) concentrations, calibrated using field measured traits, over 400 km2 of northeastern Borneo, including a landscape-level disturbance gradient spanning old-growth to repeatedly logged forests. The maps reveal that canopy foliar P and N concentrations decrease with elevation. These relationships were not identified using traditional field measurements of leaf and soil nutrients. After controlling for topography, canopy foliar nutrient concentrations were lower in logged forest than in old-growth areas, reflecting decreased nutrient availability. However, foliar nutrient concentrations and specific leaf area were greatest in relatively short patches in logged areas, reflecting a shift in composition to pioneer species with acquisitive traits. N:P ratio increased in logged forest, suggesting reduced soil P availability through disturbance. Through the first landscape scale assessment of how functional leaf traits change in response to logging, we find that differences from old-growth forest become more pronounced as logged forests increase in stature over time, suggesting exacerbated phosphorus limitation as forests recover.

• Klíčová slova
• imaging spectroscopy, leaf traits, logging, nutrient availability, phosphorus, specific leaf area, topography, tropical forest,
• MeSH
• ekosystém * MeSH
• lesy MeSH
• spektrální analýza MeSH
• stromy * MeSH
• tropické klima MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Borneo MeSH

Stem respiration constitutes a substantial proportion of autotrophic respiration in forested ecosystems, but its drivers across different spatial scales and land-use gradients remain poorly understood. This study quantifies and examines the impact of logging disturbance on stem CO2 efflux (EA) in Malaysian Borneo. EA was quantified at tree- and stand-level in nine 1-ha plots over a logging gradient from heavily logged to old-growth using the static chamber method. Tree-level results showed higher EA per unit stem area in logged vs old-growth plots (37.0 ± 1.1 vs 26.92 ± 1.14 g C m-2 month-1). However, at stand-level, there was no difference in EA between logged and old-growth plots (6.7 ± 1.1 vs 6.0 ± 0.7 Mg C ha-1 yr-1) due to greater stem surface area in old-growth plots. Allocation to growth respiration and carbon use efficiency was significantly higher in logged plots. Variation in EA at both tree- and stand-level was driven by tree size, growth and differences in investment strategies between the forest types. These results reflect different resource allocation strategies and priorities, with a priority for growth in response to increased light availability in logged plots, while old-growth plots prioritise maintenance and cell structure.

• Klíčová slova
• carbon fluxes, degraded forest, land‐use, logging, stem respiration, tropical forest,
• MeSH
• buněčné dýchání MeSH
• lesnictví metody   MeSH
• lesy MeSH
• oxid uhličitý * metabolismus   MeSH
• stonky rostlin * metabolismus   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• stromy * růst a vývoj   metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Borneo MeSH
• Malajsie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• oxid uhličitý * MeSH

Forests are increasingly affected by natural disturbances. Subsequent salvage logging, a widespread management practice conducted predominantly to recover economic capital, produces further disturbance and impacts biodiversity worldwide. Hence, naturally disturbed forests are among the most threatened habitats in the world, with consequences for their associated biodiversity. However, there are no evidence-based benchmarks for the proportion of area of naturally disturbed forests to be excluded from salvage logging to conserve biodiversity. We apply a mixed rarefaction/extrapolation approach to a global multi-taxa dataset from disturbed forests, including birds, plants, insects and fungi, to close this gap. We find that 75 ± 7% (mean ± SD) of a naturally disturbed area of a forest needs to be left unlogged to maintain 90% richness of its unique species, whereas retaining 50% of a naturally disturbed forest unlogged maintains 73 ± 12% of its unique species richness. These values do not change with the time elapsed since disturbance but vary considerably among taxonomic groups.

• MeSH
• biodiverzita MeSH
• druhová specificita MeSH
• ekosystém MeSH
• lesnictví normy   MeSH
• lesy * MeSH
• zachování přírodních zdrojů * metody   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Invertebrates are dominant species in primary tropical rainforests, where their abundance and diversity contributes to the functioning and resilience of these globally important ecosystems. However, more than one-third of tropical forests have been logged, with dramatic impacts on rainforest biodiversity that may disrupt key ecosystem processes. We find that the contribution of invertebrates to three ecosystem processes operating at three trophic levels (litter decomposition, seed predation and removal, and invertebrate predation) is reduced by up to one-half following logging. These changes are associated with decreased abundance of key functional groups of termites, ants, beetles and earthworms, and an increase in the abundance of small mammals, amphibians and insectivorous birds in logged relative to primary forest. Our results suggest that ecosystem processes themselves have considerable resilience to logging, but the consistent decline of invertebrate functional importance is indicative of a human-induced shift in how these ecological processes operate in tropical rainforests.

• MeSH
• bezobratlí fyziologie   MeSH
• biodiverzita MeSH
• deštný prales * MeSH
• distribuce rostlin fyziologie   MeSH
• druhová specificita MeSH
• lesnictví statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• obojživelníci fyziologie   MeSH
• populační dynamika MeSH
• potravní řetězec MeSH
• ptáci fyziologie   MeSH
• savci fyziologie   MeSH
• stromy fyziologie   MeSH
• tropické klima MeSH
• zachování přírodních zdrojů * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Malajsie MeSH

The impacts of degradation and deforestation on tropical forests are poorly understood, particularly at landscape scales. We present an extensive ecosystem analysis of the impacts of logging and conversion of tropical forest to oil palm from a large-scale study in Borneo, synthesizing responses from 82 variables categorized into four ecological levels spanning a broad suite of ecosystem properties: (i) structure and environment, (ii) species traits, (iii) biodiversity, and (iv) ecosystem functions. Responses were highly heterogeneous and often complex and nonlinear. Variables that were directly impacted by the physical process of timber extraction, such as soil structure, were sensitive to even moderate amounts of logging, whereas measures of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning were generally resilient to logging but more affected by conversion to oil palm plantation.

• MeSH
• Arecaceae MeSH
• biodiverzita * MeSH
• deštný prales * MeSH
• lesnictví * MeSH
• půda chemie   MeSH
• stromy MeSH
• tropické klima * MeSH
• zachování přírodních zdrojů * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Borneo MeSH
• Názvy látek
• půda MeSH

Removal of canopy trees by logging causes shifts in herbaceous diversity and increases invasibility of the forest understory. However, disturbed (cut) trees of many species do not die but resprout from remaining parts. Because sprouts develop vigorously immediately after disturbances, we hypothesized that sprouts of logged trees offset the changes in species richness and invasibility of the herbaceous layer by eliminating the rise in the resource availability during the time before regeneration from seeds develops. To test this, we analyzed data on herbaceous vegetation and sprout biomass collected in a broadleaved temperate forest in the Czech Republic before and for 6 years after logging. Sprouts that were produced by most of the stumps of logged trees offset large rises in species richness and cover of herbaceous plants and the resource availability that followed logging, but they affected the alien plants more significantly than the native plants. The sprouting canopy effectually eliminated most of the alien species that colonized the forest following a logging event. These findings indicate that in forests dominated by tree species with resprouting ability, sprouts drive the early post-disturbance dynamics of the herbaceous layer. By offsetting the post-disturbance vegetation shifts, resprouting supports forest resilience.

• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Thismia kelabitiana, a new unique species from the Sarawak state of Malaysia in the island of Borneo is described and illustrated. This new species is not similar to any species of Thismia described so far especially by having a unique form of mitre and outer perianth lobes deeply divided into 8-10 acute lobes and forming striking fringe around perianth tube opening. The species appears to be critically endangered due to ongoing logging activities in the region. It may potentially become a surrogate species for lower montane forests of the region and thus help protect them against further destruction.

• MeSH
• biodiverzita MeSH
• lesy MeSH
• Magnoliopsida klasifikace   genetika   MeSH
• semena rostlinná genetika   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• vznik druhů (genetika) * MeSH
• zachování přírodních zdrojů * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Borneo MeSH
• Malajsie MeSH

Anthropogenic disturbance and the spread of non-native species disrupt natural communities, but also create novel interactions between species. By-product mutualisms, in which benefits accrue as side effects of partner behaviour or morphology, are often non-specific and hence may persist in novel ecosystems. We tested this hypothesis for a two-way by-product mutualism between epiphytic ferns and their ant inhabitants in the Bornean rain forest, in which ants gain housing in root-masses while ferns gain protection from herbivores. Specifically, we assessed how the specificity (overlap between fern and ground-dwelling ants) and the benefits of this interaction are altered by selective logging and conversion to an oil palm plantation habitat. We found that despite the high turnover of ant species, ant protection against herbivores persisted in modified habitats. However, in ferns growing in the oil palm plantation, ant occupancy, abundance and species richness declined, potentially due to the harsher microclimate. The specificity of the fern-ant interactions was also lower in the oil palm plantation habitat than in the forest habitats. We found no correlations between colony size and fern size in modified habitats, and hence no evidence for partner fidelity feedbacks, in which ants are incentivised to protect fern hosts. Per species, non-native ant species in the oil palm plantation habitat (18 % of occurrences) were as important as native ones in terms of fern protection and contributed to an increase in ant abundance and species richness with fern size. We conclude that this by-product mutualism persists in logged forest and oil palm plantation habitats, with no detectable shift in partner benefits. Such persistence of generalist interactions in novel ecosystems may be important for driving ecosystem functioning.

• MeSH
• Arecaceae MeSH
• býložravci * MeSH
• deštný prales * MeSH
• druhová specificita MeSH
• ekosystém MeSH
• Formicidae * klasifikace   MeSH
• kapradiny * MeSH
• kořeny rostlin MeSH
• mikroklima MeSH
• nemoci rostlin MeSH
• odolnost vůči nemocem MeSH
• symbióza * MeSH
• zachování přírodních zdrojů * MeSH
• zemědělství * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Borneo MeSH

Soil biota is essential for forest ecosystems' functioning as it plays a key role in litter decomposition, nutrient recycling, and soil carbon sequestration. Since forest disturbances can have major impacts on soil biota and associated ecosystem services, there is an urgent need to provide evidence on its ecological responses to such disturbances. To this end, we established an experimental site to study the impacts of disturbance on soil biota abundance and properties resulting from tree-felling interventions of different intensity as well as from post-disturbance treatments (adding slash or not to the soil) in a Quercus faginea Lam. forest located in northern Spain. The experimental design consisted of a randomized block design that included five treatments: control, 50% canopy disturbance with and without slash, and 100% canopy disturbance with and without slash. Comprehensive inventories of soil biota, including microbes, microfauna, mesofauna, and macrofauna, were carried out after one, nine, and 21 months following the disturbance. Our results showed how body size determined the response of the soil community to canopy disturbance intensity and time since disturbance. Generally, the effects of the disturbance treatments were more severe as the size of the organisms increased and as the disturbance intensity increased. We conclude that while forests may show a certain capacity to absorb disturbances, assisting soils with slash addition after disturbances helps maintain habitats and the soil microclimatic conditions to conserve soil biota and functions. Moreover, organism body size emerges as a potential integrative functional trait indicative of responses to disturbance. Our results, derived from a quite unique multi-taxon study, have important implications not only for biodiversity conservation but also for forest managers and policymakers.

• Klíčová slova
• body‐size, forest disturbance, microorganisms, post‐disturbance, slash, soil fauna, soil microclimate,
• MeSH
• biodiverzita MeSH
• dub (rod) * fyziologie   MeSH
• lesnictví * metody   MeSH
• lesy * MeSH
• půda * chemie   MeSH
• půdní mikrobiologie * MeSH
• společenstvo * MeSH
• stromy * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Španělsko MeSH
• Názvy látek
• půda * MeSH

Windfelled Norway spruce (Picea abies) trees play a crucial role in triggering large-scale outbreaks of the European spruce bark beetle Ips typographus. Outbreak management therefore strives to remove windfelled trees to reduce the risk of outbreaks, a measure referred to as sanitation logging (SL). Although this practice has been traditionally applied, its efficiency in preventing outbreaks remains poorly understood. We used the landscape simulation model iLand to investigate the effects of different spatial configurations and intensities of SL of windfelled trees on the subsequent disturbance by bark beetles. We studied differences between SL applied evenly across the landscape, focused on the vicinity of roads (scenario of limited logging resources) and concentrated in a contiguous block (scenario of spatially diversified management objectives). We focused on a 16 050 ha forest landscape in Central Europe. The removal of >80% of all windfelled trees is required to substantially reduce bark beetle disturbances. Focusing SL on the vicinity of roads created a "fire break effect" on bark beetle spread, and was moderately efficient in reducing landscape-scale bark beetle disturbance. Block treatments substantially reduced outbreaks in treated areas. Leaving parts of the landscape untreated (e.g., conservation areas) had no significant amplifying effect on outbreaks in managed areas. Climate change increased bark beetle disturbances and reduced the effect of SL. Our results suggest that past outbreak management methods will not be sufficient to counteract climate-mediated increases in bark beetle disturbance.

• Klíčová slova
• Climate change, Forest landscape, Process-based ecosystem modelling, Sanitation logging, Wind-bark beetle interactions,
• MeSH
• brouci * MeSH
• kůra rostlin MeSH
• lesy MeSH
• stromy * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH
• Norsko MeSH