This review article highlights the crucial role of organ weights and dimensions as key indicators in forensic diagnosis. Organ weight changes serve as valuable markers for pathological conditions, aiding forensic doctors in interpreting autopsy findings. The review emphasizes the importance of precision in establish- ing organ reference values, considering factors like population-specific norms and correlations with body parameters. Furthermore, it explores the impact of obesity on organ weights, emphasizing the need for updated databases that accurately reflect diverse populations. The article underscores the inadequacy of relying on outdated sources and advocates for creating a comprehensive and updated database of organ weights and dimensions for the local population, essential for accurate forensic interpretations.

• Klíčová slova
• obesity, organ dimensions, organ weights, reference databases,
• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• pitva * MeSH
• referenční hodnoty MeSH
• velikost orgánu MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

The effect of 5 months' exposure to 0.5% lead acetate in drinking water on the hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid-adrenal system was evaluated by measuring hypothalamic and striatic noradrenaline (NA), serum thyroxine (T4), 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) and corticosterone (CS) and blood and adrenal catecholamines (CA) levels in developing rats of both sexes. Blood CA were increased and hypothalamic and striatic NA was decreased by exposure in male rats. In female rats, blood and adrenal CA and serum CS were increased and hypothalamic and striatic NA was decreased by exposure. No changes in the two sexes were observed in serum T3 and T4. Exposure induced an increase in spleen and kidney weights in both sexes; the weight of liver was increased only in female rats. Weights of hypothalamus, striatum, adrenals and thyroid glands were not changed. Female but not male rats exposed to lead gained less weight than controls. The results suggest a non-specific stress response in female rats. In male rats only the sympatho-adrenal system seems to be affected by this lead exposure.

• MeSH
• hormony krev   MeSH
• inbrední kmeny potkanů MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• otrava olovem krev   patologie   MeSH
• velikost orgánu MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• hormony MeSH

Present study tried to evaluate the influence of different diets (low- and high-salt, bicarbonate) administered during prenatal period on body and organ weights of newborn Dahl salt-sensitive (DS) and salt-resistant (DR) rats. Blood pressure of DR dams was not influenced by dietary loading but it was significantly increased by high-salt diet in DS rats. Blood pressure of all DS dams was higher when compared to the respective DR rats. There were significant negative correlations between mean arterial pressure of DS (but not DR) dams and body weight of newborns in all dietary groups. Litter sizes were comparable in all groups studied. High-salt diet increased body weight and relative heart weight of newborns of both genotypes. On the other hand, the influence of bicarbonate diet on body weight was more pronounced in DS pups whereas the effect on relative heart weight was seen only in DR newborns. The relative heart and kidney weights were significantly higher and relative liver weight significantly lower in newborns of DR dams when compared to those of DS dams irrespective of mother's diet. There was a tendency in all organs of DS newborns to contain less water in comparison with respective DR pups. It should be noted that in newborns of both genotypes bicarbonate diet lowered relative DNA content more than relative protein content. In conclusion, high-salt and bicarbonate diets exert dissimilar effects on prenatal body and organ development in Dahl rats.

• MeSH
• chlorid sodný aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• dieta s nízkým obsahem soli MeSH
• dieta škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• DNA metabolismus   MeSH
• hydrogenuhličitan sodný MeSH
• hydrogenuhličitany aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• krevní tlak účinky léků   MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• léková rezistence MeSH
• maternofetální výměna látek MeSH
• novorozená zvířata MeSH
• proteiny metabolismus   MeSH
• sodík aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• tělesná hmotnost účinky léků   MeSH
• velikost orgánu účinky léků   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• chlorid sodný MeSH
• DNA MeSH
• hydrogenuhličitan sodný MeSH
• hydrogenuhličitany MeSH
• proteiny MeSH
• sodík MeSH

• MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• hormony metabolismus   MeSH
• hypothalamus metabolismus   MeSH
• inbrední kmeny potkanů MeSH
• kortikosteron krev   MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• mozek účinky léků   MeSH
• nadledviny metabolismus   MeSH
• noradrenalin metabolismus   MeSH
• oxid uhelnatý toxicita   MeSH
• serotonin metabolismus   MeSH
• thyroxin krev   MeSH
• velikost orgánu účinky léků   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• hormony MeSH
• kortikosteron MeSH
• noradrenalin MeSH
• oxid uhelnatý MeSH
• serotonin MeSH
• thyroxin MeSH

Heart and kidney weight of newborn rats was studied in two progenitor strains (Brown Norway-BN, and spontaneously hypertensive rats-SHR) and in 31 recombinant inbred (RI) strains developed by inbreeding of F2 cross derived from these two progenitors. The relative weight of both organs was significantly higher in SHR newborns than in BN ones. No differences in relative DNA, protein and water contents were detected in hearts from SHR and BN newborns. On the other hand, in SHR kidneys there was lower DNA and protein content accompanied by a higher water content. This suggested that kidneys of SHR babies had less cells with higher water content. The average body weight of newborns in individual RI strains was continuously distributed between both progenitor strains but more RI strains resembled values of SHR newborns. The opposite was true for relative heart and kidney weights where the predominant influence of BN genes was visible. Moreover, there was an important difference between two reciprocal crosses of RI strains because the relative heart weight was clustered around SHR values only in BxH but not in HxB cross. This was, however, not observed for body weight and relative kidney weight. No significant correlation between blood pressure of adult males and body weight or relative organ weights of newborns of RI strains was found. On the other hand, relative heart and kidney weights of newborns correlated positively with the same parameters in adult males of respective RI strains. Additionally, relative heart weight of newborns was related positively to blood pressure of their mothers only in HxB cross that was derived from SHR females. It can be concluded that 1) kidney enlargement observed in newborn SHR is due to increased water content, 2) organ weight in adulthood can be predicted from newborn organ weight, and 3) heart weight in newborns correlated significantly with maternal blood pressure in HxB but not in BxH cross. It should be noted that the relationship between heart and/or kidney weight at birth and blood pressure in adulthood has not been proven to be significant (at p < 0.05 level) in Prague set of recombinant inbred strains.

• MeSH
• diastola MeSH
• DNA metabolismus   MeSH
• hypertenze patologie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• krevní tlak MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• ledviny patologie   MeSH
• myokard metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• novorozená zvířata anatomie a histologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• pohlavní dimorfismus MeSH
• potkani inbrední BN MeSH
• potkani inbrední SHR MeSH
• referenční hodnoty MeSH
• rekombinace genetická MeSH
• stárnutí fyziologie   MeSH
• velikost orgánu MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• DNA MeSH

The effects of genetic factors and blood pressure levels on heart and kidney weights were estimated in a set of recombinant inbred (RI) strains obtained by crossing normotensive rat (BN.lx) and genetically hypertensive rat (SHR) progenitor strains. Renal or cardiac hypertrophy in several normotensive RI strains, together with low organ weights in some hypertensive strains, indicate that genetic factors play an important role in heart and kidney weight determination. In RI strains, there was a slight positive correlation between systolic blood pressure and relative heart weight, while relative kidney weight correlated negatively with blood pressure. Indeed, the analysis of the degree of genetic determination in RI strains revealed higher values for the relative kidney weight than for the relative heart weight. Blood pressure has a lower degree of genetic determination than both organs. Several polymorphic loci were found to be associated with organ weight determination. Thus, the analysis of organ weights in RI strains revealed the influence of primary genetic factors rather than secondary blood pressure effects.

• MeSH
• analýza rozptylu MeSH
• genetické inženýrství MeSH
• genetické markery MeSH
• hypertrofie MeSH
• kardiomegalie genetika   MeSH
• krevní tlak genetika   MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• ledviny růst a vývoj   patologie   MeSH
• potkani inbrední SHR MeSH
• srdce růst a vývoj   MeSH
• velikost orgánu genetika   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• genetické markery MeSH

A total genome scan and pharmacogenetic study were designed to search for genetic determinants of blood pressure (BP) as well as heart and kidney weights. Genome scanning was carried out in 266 F(2) intercrosses from Prague hypertensive hypertriglyceridemic rats for phenotypes of organ weights, baseline BP, BP after blockade of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) by losartan, of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) by pentolinium, and of the nitric oxide (NO) synthase by N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester. Pharmacogenetic analysis showed that, in males, BP was controlled by two loci on chromosomes 1 and 5 (Chr1, Chr5) through the SNS, and these loci showed a positive contribution for relative kidney weight (KW/BW). On the other hand, baseline BP in females was controlled by two loci on Chr3 and Chr7. The effect of these loci was not mediated by the RAS, SNS or NO system. These loci did not show any effect for KW/BW. Negatively-linked loci for KW/BW and relative heart weight (HW/BW) were identified on Chr2 in both genders. Another negatively-linked locus for KW/BW, located on Chr8 in males, affected BP through the SNS. This locus on Chr8 overlapped with a previously-reported modifier locus for polycystic kidney disease (PKD). In conclusion, this pharmacogenetic study determined two loci for BP and relative organ mass implicating sympathetic overactivity. Concordance of the identified locus for KW/BW and BP through the SNS on Chr8 with the PKD locus revealed the importance of this region for renal complications in various diseases.

• MeSH
• farmakogenetika MeSH
• fenotyp MeSH
• genotyp MeSH
• hypertenze genetika   patofyziologie   MeSH
• krevní tlak účinky léků   genetika   fyziologie   MeSH
• křížení genetické MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• ledviny anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• Lod skóre MeSH
• lokus kvantitativního znaku genetika   MeSH
• losartan farmakologie   MeSH
• mikrovaskulární angina pectoris genetika   patofyziologie   MeSH
• modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
• multifaktoriální dědičnost MeSH
• NG-nitroargininmethylester farmakologie   MeSH
• pentoliniumtartrát farmakologie   MeSH
• polymorfismus genetický MeSH
• potkani inbrední LEW MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• savčí chromozomy genetika   MeSH
• sexuální faktory MeSH
• srdce anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• tělesná hmotnost genetika   fyziologie   MeSH
• velikost orgánu účinky léků   genetika   fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• losartan MeSH
• NG-nitroargininmethylester MeSH
• pentoliniumtartrát MeSH

To define multiple organ dysfunction in newborns, we established a sequential scoring system NEOMOD (Neonatal Multiple Organ Dysfunction Score). It was developed to describe the process of increasing physiologic derangement in critically ill newborns. It provides, during the first 28 days of life, information concerning function of organ systems having a primary influence on mortality in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. Our scoring system has been used in 142 VLBW infants. It evaluates moderate (1 point) or severe dysfunction (2 points) in 7 organ systems (central nervous system, cardiovascular, renal, respiratory, and gastrointestinal systems, and hemocoagulation and acid-base balance) in 24-h intervals from day 1 to 28 of life. Maximum possible value of NEOMOD was 14 points. Receiver operating characteristic curve was used for assessing predictive accuracy of maximum NEOMOD score obtained by daily scoring for mortality rate. AUC (area under curve) attained by NEOMOD was 0.95 for mortality within the first 28 days and 0.91 for hospital mortality, respectively. In the study group, NEOMOD score of > or = 9 was associated with 100% mortality. An analysis of specific organ dysfunctions in the non-survivors group (n = 16) disclosed, in all patients, dysfunction of more than two organ systems 24 h before death. Similar to critically ill adults, secondary multiple organ dysfunction can be described also in a majority of critically ill VLBW infants. NEOMOD scores may help to evaluate daily the severity of the syndrome and risk of death.

• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• multiorgánové selhání * MeSH
• novorozenec s velmi nízkou porodní hmotností * MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• výzkumný projekt MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

UNLABELLED: Activity of the pituitary-adrenocortical, sympathico-adrenomedullary and thyroid gland systems was examined in groups of male adult rats, average weight 180 g, exposed for 2 months to a mixture of 7 mg.m-3 NO2 and 32 mg.m-3 CO in air and in groups of matched controls inhaling fresh air. Corticosterone (B) concentrations in the serum of rats were determined by the competitive protein-binding method, noradrenaline (NA) in the hypothalamus and catecholamines (CA) in suprarenals by fluorometry, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) in the thyroid gland by the RIA technique. Measurements of organ weight were related to overall body weight. The data emerging from this study were evaluated using the Student t-test. CONCLUSIONS: one-month exposure led to a decrease in hypothalamic NA and an increase in rat spleen weight; increase in CA concentration in the adrenals was initially insignificant, by the end of a 2-month exposure it reached the level of statistical significance; serum concentrations of B, T3 and T4 remained unaffected and so was the weight of the body, liver, lungs, suprarenals and the hypothalamus of exposed rats; at the concentrations used, NO2 and CO acted as synergists producing a mild stressogenic reaction affecting the activity of the sympathico-adrenomedullary system of exposed rats.

• MeSH
• hormony štítné žlázy krev   MeSH
• hormony metabolismus   MeSH
• inbrední kmeny potkanů MeSH
• katecholaminy metabolismus   MeSH
• kortikosteron krev   MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• oxid dusičitý aplikace a dávkování   toxicita   MeSH
• oxid uhelnatý aplikace a dávkování   toxicita   MeSH
• synergismus léků MeSH
• velikost orgánu účinky léků   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• hormony štítné žlázy MeSH
• hormony MeSH
• katecholaminy MeSH
• kortikosteron MeSH
• oxid dusičitý MeSH
• oxid uhelnatý MeSH

Epidemiological studies have shown a clear link between fetal growth retardation and an increased propensity for later cardiovascular disease in adults. It has been hypothesized that such early fetal deprivation "programs" individuals toward a life-long metabolical "thrifty phenotype" that predisposes adults to such diseases. Here we test this hypothesis, and its possible genetic basis, in rat recombinant inbred (RI) strains that uniquely allow the longitudinal studies necessary for its testing. Placental and fetal weights were determined on day 20 of pregnancy in (at least) 6 litters from each of 25 available BXH/HXB RI strains and from their SHR and BN-Lx progenitors and were correlated with metabolic traits determined in adult rats from the same inbred lines. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with placental and fetal weights were identified by total genome scanning of RI strains using the Map Manager QTX program. Heritabilities of placental and fetal weights were 56% and 62%, respectively, and total genome scanning of RI strains revealed QTLs near the D1Rat266 marker on chromosome 1 and near the D15Rat101 marker on chromosome 15 that were significantly associated with fetal and placental weights respectively. Placental weights correlated with fetal weights (r = 0.60, P = 0.001), while reduced fetal weights correlated with increased insulin concentrations during glucose tolerance test (r = -0.71, P = 0.0001) and with increased serum triglycerides (r = -0.54, P = 0.006) in adult rats. Our results suggest that predisposition toward a thrifty phenotype associated with decreased placental weight and restricted fetal growth is in part genetically determined.

• MeSH
• analýza rozptylu MeSH
• biologické markery analýza   MeSH
• fenotyp MeSH
• glykogen biosyntéza   MeSH
• hmotnost plodu fyziologie   MeSH
• inbreeding MeSH
• játra metabolismus   MeSH
• kosterní svaly metabolismus   MeSH
• krevní glukóza metabolismus   MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• lokus kvantitativního znaku genetika   MeSH
• mapování chromozomů MeSH
• metabolický syndrom genetika   metabolismus   patofyziologie   MeSH
• placentace * MeSH
• potkani inbrední BN MeSH
• potkani inbrední SHR MeSH
• rekombinace genetická MeSH
• savčí chromozomy genetika   MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• triglyceridy metabolismus   MeSH
• velikost orgánu MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• biologické markery MeSH
• glykogen MeSH
• krevní glukóza MeSH
• triglyceridy MeSH