Health-threatening consequences of carcinogen exposure are mediated via occurrence of electrophiles or reactive oxygen species. As a result, the accumulation of biomolecular damage leads to the cancer initiation, promotion or progression. Accordingly, there is an association between lifestyle factors including inappropriate diet or carcinogen formation during food processing, mainstream, second or third-hand tobacco smoke and other environmental or occupational carcinogens and malignant transformation. Nevertheless, increasing evidence supports the protective effects of naturally occurring phytochemicals against carcinogen exposure as well as carcinogenesis in general. Isolated phytochemicals or their mixtures present in the whole plant food demonstrate efficacy against malignancy induced by carcinogens widely spread in our environment. Phytochemicals also minimize the generation of carcinogenic substances during the processing of meat and meat products. Based on numerous data, selected phytochemicals or plant foods should be highly recommended to become a stable and regular part of the diet as the protectors against carcinogenesis.

• Klíčová slova
• Antioxidant, Carcinogens, Chemoprevention, Detoxification, Dietary phytochemicals, Metabolic activation, Scavenging effect,
• MeSH
• antikarcinogenní látky farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• fytonutrienty farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• karcinogeneze účinky léků   MeSH
• karcinogeny toxicita   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• potraviny škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antikarcinogenní látky MeSH
• fytonutrienty MeSH
• karcinogeny MeSH

As a promiscuous xenobiotic sensor, pregnane X receptor (PXR) plays a crucial role in drug metabolism. Since dietary phytochemicals exhibit the potential to modulate human PXR, this review aims to summarize the plant-derived PXR modulators, including agonists, partial agonists, and antagonists. The crystal structures of the apo and ligand-bound forms of PXR especially that of PXR complexed with binary mixtures are summarized, in order to provide the structural basis for PXR binding promiscuity and synergistic activation of PXR by composite ligands. Furthermore, this review summarizes the characterized agonists, partial agonists, and antagonists of human PXR from botanical source. Contrary to PXR agonists, there are only a few antagonists obtained from botanical source due to the promiscuity of PXR. It is worth noting that trans-resveratrol and a series of methylindoles have been identified as partial agonists of PXR, both in activating PXR function, but also inhibiting the effect of other PXR agonists. Since antagonizing PXR function plays a crucial role in the prevention of drug-drug interactions and improvement of therapeutic efficacy, further research is necessary to screen more plant-derived PXR antagonists in the future. In summary, this review may contribute to understanding the roles of phytochemicals in food-drug and herb-drug interactions.

• Klíčová slova
• Agonists, antagonists, dietary phytochemicals, pregnane X receptor,
• MeSH
• fytonutrienty farmakologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• pregnanový X receptor MeSH
• resveratrol MeSH
• steroidní receptory * chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• fytonutrienty MeSH
• pregnanový X receptor MeSH
• resveratrol MeSH
• steroidní receptory * MeSH

Conifers have long been recognized for their therapeutic potential in different disorders. Alkaloids, terpenes and polyphenols are the most abundant naturally occurring phytochemicals in these plants. Here, we provide an overview of the phytochemistry and related commercial products obtained from conifers. The pharmacological actions of different phytochemicals present in conifers against bacterial and fungal infections, cancer, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases are also reviewed. Data obtained from experimental and clinical studies performed to date clearly underline that such compounds exert promising antioxidant effects, being able to inhibit cell damage, cancer growth, inflammation and the onset of neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, an attempt has been made with the intent to highlight the importance of conifer-derived extracts for pharmacological purposes, with the support of relevant in vitro and in vivo experimental data. In short, this review comprehends the information published to date related to conifers' phytochemicals and illustrates their potential role as drugs.

• Klíčová slova
• anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anticancer, conifers, neurodegenerative, oxidative stress, phytoconstituent,
• MeSH
• cévnaté rostliny chemie   MeSH
• fytonutrienty chemie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• klinické zkoušky jako téma MeSH
• lesy * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neuroprotekce účinky léků   MeSH
• rostlinné extrakty terapeutické užití   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• fytonutrienty MeSH
• rostlinné extrakty MeSH

Foodborne diseases triggered by various infectious micro-organisms are contributing significantly to the global disease burden as well as to increasing mortality rates. Salmonella enterica belongs to the most prevalent form of bacteria accountable for significant burden of foodborne illness across the globe. The conventional therapeutic approach to cater to Salmonella enterica-based infections relies on antibiotic therapy, but the rapid emergence of the antibiotic resistance strains of Salmonella sp. necessitates the development of alternative treatment and prevention strategies. In light of this growing concern, the scientific community is rigorously exploring novel phytochemicals harnessed from medicinally important plants as a promising approach to curb Salmonella enterica infections. A variety of phytochemicals belonging to alkaloids, phenols, flavonoid, and terpene classes are reported to exhibit their inhibitory activity against bacterial cell communication, membrane proteins, efflux pumps, and biofilm formation among drug resistant Salmonella strains. The present review article delves to discuss the emergence of antibiotic resistance among Salmonella enterica strains, various plant sources, identification of phytochemicals, and the current state of research on the use of phytochemicals as antimicrobial agents against Salmonella enterica, shedding light on the promising potential of phytochemicals in the fight against this pathogen.

• Klíčová slova
• Salmonella enterica, Antimicrobial activity, Antimicrobial resistance, Multi-drug resistant strains, Phytochemicals,
• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky * farmakologie   MeSH
• bakteriální léková rezistence MeSH
• fytonutrienty * farmakologie   chemie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nemoci přenášené potravou mikrobiologie   prevence a kontrola   farmakoterapie   MeSH
• Salmonella enterica * účinky léků   MeSH
• salmonelóza * mikrobiologie   farmakoterapie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antibakteriální látky * MeSH
• fytonutrienty * MeSH

Chronic exposure to solar radiation is related to an increased incidence of various skin disorders, including premature skin aging and melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. Ultraviolet (UV) photons in particular are responsible for skin damage. Solar UV photons mainly belong to UVA wavebands, however UVA radiation has been mostly ignored for a long time. At the cellular level, UVA photons mainly provoke indirect oxidative damage to biomolecules via the massive generation of unstable and highly reactive compounds. Human skin has several effective mechanisms that forestall, repair and eliminate damage caused by solar radiation. Regardless, some damage persists and can accumulate with chronic exposure. Therefore, conscious protection against solar radiation (UVB+UVA) is necessary. Besides traditional types of photoprotection such as sunscreen use, new strategies are being searched for and developed. One very popular protective strategy is the application of phytochemicals as active ingredients of photoprotection preparations instead of synthetic chemicals. Phytochemicals usually possess additional biological activities besides absorbing the energy of photons, and those properties (e.g. antioxidant, anti-inflammatory) magnify the protective potential of phytochemicals and extracts. Therefore, compounds of natural origin are in the interest of researchers as well as developers. In this review, only studies on UVA protection with well-documented experimental conditions are summarized. This article includes 17 well standardized plant extracts (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze, Silybum marianum L. Gaertn., Punica granatum L., Polypodium aureum L., Vaccinium myrtillus L., Lonicera caerulea L., Thymus vulgaris L., Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill., Morinda citrifolia L., Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f., Oenothera paradoxa Hudziok, Galinsoga parviflora Cav., Galinsoga quadriradiata Ruiz et Pavón, Hippophae rhamnoides L., Cola acuminata Schott & Endl., Theobroma cacao L. and Amaranthus cruentus L.) and 26 phytochemicals.

• Klíčová slova
• ROS, UVA radiation, extract, natural compounds, photoprotection, skin,
• MeSH
• fytonutrienty terapeutické užití   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory kůže etiologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• rostlinné extrakty terapeutické užití   MeSH
• sluneční záření škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• ultrafialové záření škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• fytonutrienty MeSH
• rostlinné extrakty MeSH

PURPOSE: Cancer is a serious health issue and a leading cause of death worldwide. Most of the cancer patients (approximately 90%) do not die from the consequences of the primary tumor development, but due to a heavily treatable metastatic invasion. During the lengthy multistep process of carcinogenesis, there are a lot of opportunities available to reverse or slow down the tissue invasion or the process of tumor metastasis formation. RESULTS: Current research has brought many promising results from anti-metastatic experimental studies, and has shown that chemoprevention by natural or semisynthetic phytochemicals with plethora of biological activities could be one of the potentially effective options in the fight against this problem. However, there is a lack of clinical trials to confirm these findings. In this review, we focused on summarization and discussion of the general features of metastatic cancer, and recent preclinical and clinical studies dealing with anti-metastatic potential of various plant-derived compounds. CONCLUSIONS: Based on our findings, we can conclude and confirm our hypothesis that phytochemicals with pleiotropic anticancer effects can be very useful in retarding and/or reversing the metastasis process, and can also be used to prevent tissue invasion and metastases. But, further studies in this area are certainly necessary and desirable.

• Klíčová slova
• Chemoprevention, Metastatic cancer, Phytochemicals, Signaling pathways, Therapy,
• MeSH
• antitumorózní látky fytogenní chemie   farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• biologické markery MeSH
• chemoprofylaxe MeSH
• chemorezistence účinky léků   MeSH
• epitelo-mezenchymální tranzice účinky léků   MeSH
• fytonutrienty chemie   farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• invazivní růst nádoru MeSH
• klinická studie jako téma MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• metastázy nádorů MeSH
• nádorové mikroprostředí MeSH
• nádory etiologie   metabolismus   patologie   terapie   MeSH
• preklinické hodnocení léčiv MeSH
• protokoly antitumorózní kombinované chemoterapie škodlivé účinky   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u nádorů MeSH
• signální transdukce účinky léků   MeSH
• staging nádorů MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antitumorózní látky fytogenní MeSH
• biologické markery MeSH
• fytonutrienty MeSH

Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women worldwide. Over 90% of all breast cancer cases are of different 'sporadic' cell types, thus placing emphasis on the need for breast cancer prevention and new effective treatment strategies. In recent years, pre-clinical research provides growing evidence regarding the beneficial action of bioactive plant-derived substances - phytochemicals, on multiple cancer-related biological pathways. The important natural source of various phytochemicals with anti-oncogenic properties are plant-based functional foods. It is hypothesized that a significant anti-tumour activity of plant-based functional foods are the result of a combination of various phytochemicals rather than an isolated agent. The mixture of phytochemicals with various biological activities present in whole foods could have additive or synergistic effects against carcinogenesis. Clinically, it is very important to compare the effect of the isolated phytochemicals against the mixture of phytochemicals present in specific plant-based functional foods. Therefore, the purpose of this review article is to compare anticancer activities of isolated phytochemicals and plant-based functional foods for the prevention and therapy of breast carcinoma. Our conclusion supports the hypothesis that a mixture of wide range of phytochemicals with a plethora of biological activities present in whole plant-derived foods could have additive or synergistic effects against breast cancer. Although, the lack of parallel comparative studies between whole natural foods versus isolated plant compounds limits our conclusion, future pre-clinical and clinical studies evaluating this issue is required.

• Klíčová slova
• Anti-tumour activity, Breast cancer, Chemoprevention, Isolated compounds, Phytochemicals, Plant-based functional foods, Synergism, Therapy,
• MeSH
• antitumorózní látky farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• funkční potraviny MeSH
• fytonutrienty farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory prsu farmakoterapie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antitumorózní látky MeSH
• fytonutrienty MeSH

The term "biotransformation" refers to the process by which various compounds are biocatalyzed and enzymatically modified, as well as the metabolic changes that occur in organisms as a result of exposure to xenobiotics [...].

• MeSH
• biologické přípravky * MeSH
• biotransformace MeSH
• fytonutrienty metabolismus   MeSH
• xenobiotika metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• úvodníky MeSH
• Názvy látek
• biologické přípravky * MeSH
• fytonutrienty MeSH
• xenobiotika MeSH

UNLABELLED: In the last few decades, Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (Malvaceae; H. sabdariffa) has gained much attention in research field because of its potentially useful bioactivity as well as a great safety and tolerability. For decades, microbial, parasitic and cancer diseases remain a serious threat to human health and animals as well. To treat such diseases, a search for new sources such as plants that provide various bioactive compounds useful in the treatment of several physiological conditions is urgently needed, since most of the drugs currently used in the therapy have several undesirable side effects, toxicity, and drug resistance. In this paper, we aim to present an updated overview of in vitro and in vivo studies that show the significant therapeutic properties of the crude extracts and phytochemicals derived from H. sabdariffa as antimicrobial, antiparasitic, and anticancer agents. The future directions of the use of H. sabdariffa in clinical trials will be discussed. KEY WORDS: Hibiscus sabdariffa L. antimicrobial agents cancer preventive agents antiparasitic drugs natural products.

• MeSH
• antiinfekční látky analýza   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• antitumorózní látky analýza   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• fytonutrienty analýza   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• fytoterapie MeSH
• Hibiscus * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• rostlinné extrakty analýza   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antiinfekční látky MeSH
• antitumorózní látky MeSH
• fytonutrienty MeSH
• rostlinné extrakty MeSH

Pine seeds are considered as nonwood forest products (NWFP) with regularly increasing market's demand. They can be eaten in various ways such as roasted or raw. In addition, they are included in various traditional dishes like in cookies, sauces, candies, cakes, breads, and other bakery items and, moreover, for medicinal purposes. GC-MS study is performed to analyze the phytochemical compounds present in the seed extracts of Pinus roxburghii (Chir) and Pinus gerardiana (Chilgoza). In total, 25 compounds were identified each in Chir and Chilgoza. In Chir seeds, abundantly present compounds were 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol (16.6%), followed by ç-Terpinene (9.9%) and cyclohexanol, 4-ethenyl-4-methyl-3-(1-methylethenyl)-, (1à,3à,4á) (9.8%), whereas in Chilgoza seeds, the maximum amount of compound was 1-hexyl-1-nitrocyclohexane (17.3%), followed by phenol, 2,6-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl) (15.4%), and heptadecane, 2-methyl (8.4%). The total phenolic content of Chir seed sample was 1536 ± 4.35 (mg GAE/100 g), whereas in the Chilgoza seed extract was 642.66 ± 2.08 (mg GAE/100 g). The application of RP-HPLC-DAD system revealed that Chir and Chilgoza seeds have maximum quantity of catechin (15.77 ± 0.16 μg/mg and 17.49 ± 0.32 μg/mg, respectively). Both Chir and Chilgoza seed extracts exhibited significant antioxidant (radical scavenging) potential, through H2O2 (618.94 ± 21.45 μg/mL and 575.16 ± 19.88 μg/mL) and DPPH (552.60 ± 13.03 μg/mL and 429.15 ± 3.80 μg/mL) assays, respectively. Additionally, a well-known antibacterial potential was also found in both plants' dichloromethane extracts, with 64 to 256 μg/mL of minimum inhibitory concentrations. As a whole, result shows the importance of both plants as a naturally occurring phytochemical source with significant antibacterial and antioxidant activity.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• antioxidancia * chemie   MeSH
• borovice * MeSH
• fytonutrienty analýza   farmakologie   MeSH
• peroxid vodíku analýza   MeSH
• rostlinné extrakty chemie   MeSH
• semena rostlinná chemie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antibakteriální látky MeSH
• antioxidancia * MeSH
• fytonutrienty MeSH
• peroxid vodíku MeSH
• rostlinné extrakty MeSH