Conifers have long been recognized for their therapeutic potential in different disorders. Alkaloids, terpenes and polyphenols are the most abundant naturally occurring phytochemicals in these plants. Here, we provide an overview of the phytochemistry and related commercial products obtained from conifers. The pharmacological actions of different phytochemicals present in conifers against bacterial and fungal infections, cancer, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases are also reviewed. Data obtained from experimental and clinical studies performed to date clearly underline that such compounds exert promising antioxidant effects, being able to inhibit cell damage, cancer growth, inflammation and the onset of neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, an attempt has been made with the intent to highlight the importance of conifer-derived extracts for pharmacological purposes, with the support of relevant in vitro and in vivo experimental data. In short, this review comprehends the information published to date related to conifers' phytochemicals and illustrates their potential role as drugs.

Biology Department Science and Humanities College Shaqra University Alquwayiyah 11971 Saudi Arabia

Center for Study in Animal Science ICETA University of Porto 4051 401 Porto Portugal

CESPU Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde Rua Central de Gandra 1317 4585 116 Gandra PRD Portugal

Department of Biochemistry University of Allahabad Allahabad 211002 India

Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science University of Hradec Kralove 50003 Hradec Kralove Czech Republic

Department of Environmental Biology Sapienza University of Rome Square Aldo Moro 5 00185 Rome Italy

Department of Rasashastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana Faculty of Ayurveda Institute of Medical Sciences Banaras Hindu University Varanasi 221005 India

Faculty of Medicine University of Porto 4200 319 Porto Portugal

Institute for Research and Innovation in Health University of Porto 4200 135 Porto Portugal

National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research 1 P Vairão 4485 655 Vila do Conde Portugal

School of Bioengineering and Biosciences Lovely Professional University Phagwara 144411 India

School of Bioengineering and Food Technology Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences Solan 173229 India

School of Biological and Environmental Sciences Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences Solan 173229 India

School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences Solan 173229 India

Scientific Consulting Chemical Engineering University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy 1734 Sofia Bulgaria

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