Plant hormones, pivotal regulators of plant growth, development, and response to environmental cues, have recently emerged as central modulators of epigenetic processes governing gene expression and phenotypic plasticity. This review addresses the complex interplay between plant hormones and epigenetic mechanisms, highlighting the diverse methodologies that have been harnessed to decipher these intricate relationships. We present a comprehensive overview to understand how phytohormones orchestrate epigenetic modifications, shaping plant adaptation and survival strategies. Conversely, we explore how epigenetic regulators ensure hormonal balance and regulate the signalling pathways of key plant hormones. Furthermore, our investigation includes a search for novel genes that are regulated by plant hormones under the control of epigenetic processes. Our review offers a contemporary overview of the epigenetic-plant hormone crosstalk, emphasizing its significance in plant growth, development, and potential agronomical applications.

• Klíčová slova
• Abscisic acid, auxin, cytokinins, epigenetics, ethylene, gibberellins, histone modifications,
• MeSH
• epigeneze genetická * MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u rostlin MeSH
• regulátory růstu rostlin * metabolismus   MeSH
• rostliny genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• vývoj rostlin genetika   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• regulátory růstu rostlin * MeSH

Auxins and cytokinins are two major families of phytohormones that control most aspects of plant growth, development and plasticity. Their distribution in plants has been described, but the importance of cell- and subcellular-type specific phytohormone homeostasis remains undefined. Herein, we revealed auxin and cytokinin distribution maps showing their different organelle-specific allocations within the Arabidopsis plant cell. To do so, we have developed Fluorescence-Activated multi-Organelle Sorting (FAmOS), an innovative subcellular fractionation technique based on flow cytometric principles. FAmOS allows the simultaneous sorting of four differently labelled organelles based on their individual light scatter and fluorescence parameters while ensuring hormone metabolic stability. Our data showed different subcellular distribution of auxin and cytokinins, revealing the formation of phytohormone gradients that have been suggested by the subcellular localization of auxin and cytokinin transporters, receptors and metabolic enzymes. Both hormones showed enrichment in vacuoles, while cytokinins were also accumulated in the endoplasmic reticulum.

• Klíčová slova
• Arabidopsis thaliana, Auxin, LC-MS/MS, cytokinin, flow cytometry, subcellular fractionation, subcellular homeostasis, technical advances,
• MeSH
• Arabidopsis * metabolismus   MeSH
• cytokininy metabolismus   MeSH
• endoplazmatické retikulum metabolismus   MeSH
• fluorescence MeSH
• hormony metabolismus   MeSH
• kořeny rostlin metabolismus   MeSH
• kyseliny indoloctové metabolismus   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u rostlin MeSH
• regulátory růstu rostlin * metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• cytokininy MeSH
• hormony MeSH
• kyseliny indoloctové MeSH
• regulátory růstu rostlin * MeSH

This contribution reports on a meeting of plant cytoskeleton scientists-the European Plant Cytoskeletal Club 2023 conference.

• Klíčová slova
• European Plant Cytoskeletal Club,
• MeSH
• cytoskelet * MeSH
• mikrotubuly * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• úvodníky MeSH

Heat shock proteins 70 (HSP70s) are steadily gaining more attention in the field of plant biotic interactions. Though their regulation and activity in plants are much less well characterized than are those of their counterparts in mammals, accumulating evidence indicates that the role of HSP70-mediated defense mechanisms in plant cells is indispensable. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of HSP70 post-translational control in plants. We comment on the phytohormonal regulation of HSP70 expression and protein abundance, and identify a prominent role for cytokinin in HSP70 control. We outline HSP70s' subcellular localizations, chaperone activity, and chaperone-mediated protein degradation. We focus on the role of HSP70s in plant pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity and effector-triggered immunity, and discuss the contribution of different HSP70 subfamilies to plant defense against pathogens.

• Klíčová slova
• Biotic interactions, HSP70, cytokinin, immunity, phytohormone, plant defense,
• MeSH
• imunita rostlin * MeSH
• proteiny tepelného šoku HSP70 * metabolismus   MeSH
• savci metabolismus   MeSH
• signální transdukce MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• proteiny tepelného šoku HSP70 * MeSH

The present review summarises current knowledge of phytoecdysteroids' biosynthesis, distribution within plants, biological importance and relations to plant hormones. Plant ecdysteroids (phytoecdysteroids) are natural polyhydroxylated compounds that have a four-ringed skeleton, usually composed of either 27 carbon atoms or 28-29 carbon atoms (biosynthetically derived from cholesterol or other plant sterols, respectively). Their physiological roles in plants have not yet been confirmed and their occurrence is not universal. Nevertheless, they are present at high concentrations in various plant species, including commonly consumed vegetables, and have a broad spectrum of pharmacological and medicinal properties in mammals, including hepatoprotective and hypoglycaemic effects, and anabolic effects on skeletal muscle, without androgenic side-effects. Furthermore, phytoecdysteroids can enhance stress resistance by promoting vitality and enhancing physical performance; thus, they are considered adaptogens. This review summarises current knowledge of phytoecdysteroids' biosynthesis, distribution within plants, biological importance and relations to plant hormones.

• Klíčová slova
• 20-Hydroxyecdysone, Ecdysteroids, Phytoecdysteroids, Plant hormones, Signalling molecules,
• MeSH
• ekdysteroidy biosyntéza   MeSH
• regulátory růstu rostlin metabolismus   MeSH
• rostliny metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• ekdysteroidy MeSH
• regulátory růstu rostlin MeSH

In this Review, an effort is made to discuss the most recent progress and future trend in the two-way traffic of the interactions between plants and nanoparticles (NPs). One way is the use of plants to synthesize NPs in an environmentally benign manner with a focus on the mechanism and optimization of the synthesis. Another way is the effects of synthetic NPs on plant fate with a focus on the transport mechanisms of NPs within plants as well as NP-mediated seed germination and plant development. When NPs are in soil, they can be adsorbed at the root surface, followed by their uptake and inter/intracellular movement in the plant tissues. NPs may also be taken up by foliage under aerial deposition, largely through stomata, trichomes, and cuticles, but the exact mode of NP entry into plants is not well documented. The NP-plant interactions may lead to inhibitory or stimulatory effects on seed germination and plant development, depending on NP compositions, concentrations, and plant species. In numerous cases, radiation-absorbing efficiency, CO2 assimilation capacity, and delay of chloroplast aging have been reported in the plant response to NP treatments, although the mechanisms involved in these processes remain to be studied.

• Klíčová slova
• mechanism, nanoparticles, plant response, plants,
• MeSH
• kořeny rostlin metabolismus   MeSH
• nanočástice metabolismus   MeSH
• rostliny metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH

Cells sense a variety of extracellular signals balancing their metabolism and physiology according to changing growth conditions. Plasma membranes are the outermost informational barriers that render cells sensitive to regulatory inputs. Membranes are composed of different types of lipids that play not only structural but also informational roles. Hormones and other regulators are sensed by specific receptors leading to the activation of lipid metabolizing enzymes. These enzymes generate lipid second messengers. Among them, phosphatidic acid (PA) is a well-known intracellular messenger that regulates various cellular processes. This lipid affects the functional properties of cell membranes and binds to specific target proteins leading to either genomic (affecting transcriptome) or non-genomic responses. The subsequent biochemical, cellular and physiological reactions regulate plant growth, development and stress tolerance. In the present review, we focus on primary (genome-independent) signaling events triggered by rapid PA accumulation in plant cells and describe the functional role of PA in mediating response to hormones and hormone-like regulators. The contributions of individual lipid signaling enzymes to the formation of PA by specific stimuli are also discussed. We provide an overview of the current state of knowledge and future perspectives needed to decipher the mode of action of PA in the regulation of cell functions.

• Klíčová slova
• autophagy, biologically active substance, diacylglycerol kinase, phosphatidic acid, phospholipase, phospholipid, signal transduction, targets,
• MeSH
• fosfolipasa D * metabolismus   MeSH
• hormony metabolismus   MeSH
• kyseliny fosfatidové * metabolismus   MeSH
• proteiny metabolismus   MeSH
• rostlinné proteiny genetika   MeSH
• rostliny metabolismus   MeSH
• signální transdukce fyziologie   MeSH
• vývoj rostlin MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• fosfolipasa D * MeSH
• hormony MeSH
• kyseliny fosfatidové * MeSH
• proteiny MeSH
• rostlinné proteiny MeSH

The endogenous auxin and cytokinin contents of in vitro regenerated Tulbaghia simmleri maintained on applied plant growth regulators in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium were investigated using UHPLC-MS analysis. The highest number of shoots (27.6 per leaf) were produced in MS medium supplemented with 2.5 μM thidiazuron. A higher number of these shoots were rooted with 10 μM 6-(2-hydroxy-3-methylbenzylamino) purine (PI-55, cytokinin antagonist). Production of somatic embryos (SEs: 16.4-4.6, globular to cotyledonary stages) improved significantly with liquid MS medium containing 2.5 μM picloram, 2.5 μM phloroglucinol (PG) and 1.5 μM gibberellic acid or 1.5 μM PI-55 and 1.0 μM trans-zeatin. SEs (torpedo and cotyledonary stages) germinated (100%) in plant growth regulator free MS medium. The plantlets were acclimatized and all survived in the greenhouse. Higher levels of endogenous auxin, 2-oxindole-3-acetic acid (oxIAA, 371.52 pmol/g DW) and indole-3-acetylaspartate (IAAsp, 141.56 pmol/g DW) were detected in shoots from PG treatments. The roots of garden-grown mother plants possessed the highest level of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA, 630.54 pmol/g DW) and oxIAA (515.26 pmol/g DW). Cytokinins [CKs: trans-zeatin-O-glucoside (tZOG), cis-zeatin (cZ) and N6-isopentenyladenosine-5'-monophosphate (iPRMP)] levels were relatively high in shoots and roots of plantlets in vitro. However, PI-55 treatments influenced the development of plantlets promoting a higher biosynthesis level of iPRMP (418.06 pmol/g DW in root) and cZRMP (904.61 pmol/g DW in roots and 1427.83 pmol/g DW in shoots). The presented protocols offer organogenesis and somatic organogenesis systems for rapid plant regeneration of T. simmleri. In addition, the importance of exogenous and endogenous hormonal effects on in vitro plant growth and development as well as endogenous hormone metabolism signalling and transport related to the physiological processes of CK metabolism and transport are illustrated for in vitro development of T. simmleri.

• Klíčová slova
• Endogenous hormone, Exogenous hormone application, In vitro regeneration, Ornamental and medicinal plant, Physiological process, Tulbaghia simmleri,
• MeSH
• Allium fyziologie   MeSH
• botanika metody   MeSH
• regenerace * MeSH
• regulátory růstu rostlin metabolismus   MeSH
• techniky in vitro metody   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• regulátory růstu rostlin MeSH

Noeggerathiales are enigmatic plants that existed during Carboniferous and Permian times, ∼323 to 252 Mya. Although their morphology, diversity, and distribution are well known, their systematic affinity remained enigmatic because their anatomy was unknown. Here, we report from a 298-My-old volcanic ash deposit, an in situ, complete, anatomically preserved noeggerathialean. The plant resolves the group's affinity and places it in a key evolutionary position within the seed plant sister group. Paratingia wuhaia sp. nov. is a small tree producing gymnospermous wood with a crown of pinnate, compound megaphyllous leaves and fertile shoots each with Ω-shaped vascular bundles. The heterosporous (containing both microspores and megaspores), bisporangiate fertile shoots appear cylindrical and cone-like, but their bilateral vasculature demonstrates that they are complex, three-dimensional sporophylls, representing leaf homologs that are unique to Noeggerathiales. The combination of heterospory and gymnospermous wood confirms that Paratingia, and thus the Noeggerathiales, are progymnosperms. Progymnosperms constitute the seed plant stem group, and Paratingia extends their range 60 My, to the end of the Permian. Cladistic analysis resolves the position of the Noeggerathiales as the most derived members of a heterosporous progymnosperm clade that are the seed plant sister group, altering our understanding of the relationships within the seed plant stem lineage and the transition from pteridophytic spore-based reproduction to the seed. Permian Noeggerathiales show that the heterosporous progymnosperm sister group to seed plants diversified alongside the primary radiation of seed plants for ∼110 My, independently evolving sophisticated cone-like fertile organs from modified leaves.

• Klíčová slova
• Noeggererathiales, Permian, evolution, progymnosperm, seed plant,
• MeSH
• biologická evoluce * MeSH
• rostliny klasifikace   embryologie   MeSH
• semena rostlinná růst a vývoj   MeSH
• zkameněliny * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

The international symposium "Auxins and Cytokinins in Plant Development" (ACPD), which is held every 4⁻5 years in Prague, Czech Republic, is a meeting of scientists interested in the elucidation of the action of two important plant hormones-auxins and cytokinins. It is organized by a group of researchers from the Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants at the Institute of Experimental Botany, the Czech Academy of Sciences. The symposia already have a long tradition, having started in 1972. Thanks to the central role of auxins and cytokinins in plant development, the ACPD 2018 symposium was again attended by numerous experts who presented their results in the opening, two plenary lectures, and six regular sessions, including two poster sessions. Due to the open character of the research community, which is traditionally very well displayed during the meeting, a lot of unpublished data were presented and discussed. In this report, we summarize the contributions in individual sessions that attracted our attention.

• Klíčová slova
• auxin, cytokinin, plant development, plant hormone crosstalk,
• MeSH
• biologický transport MeSH
• cytokininy metabolismus   MeSH
• kyseliny indoloctové metabolismus   MeSH
• metabolické sítě a dráhy MeSH
• regulátory růstu rostlin metabolismus   MeSH
• signální transdukce MeSH
• vývoj rostlin * MeSH
• životní prostředí MeSH
• Publikační typ
• kongresy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• cytokininy MeSH
• kyseliny indoloctové MeSH
• regulátory růstu rostlin MeSH