OBJECTIVES: To determine and compare the impact of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), ankylosing spondylitis (AS), and psoriasis on work productivity, to calculate the productivity costs (PC), and to map out factors that influence (functional status and disease activity) work productivity. METHODS: The Work Productivity and Activity Impairment questionnaire was used to evaluate productivity losses of patients with RA (n = 77), AS (n = 230), and psoriasis (n = 93). Demographic data, patient-reported outcomes (PROs) (Health Assessment Questionnaire [HAQ] and Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index [BASDAI]), and clinical parameters (Disease Activity Score in 28 joints [DAS28], body surface area [BSA], and Psoriasis Area and Severity Index [PASI]) were collected. The correlations among PROs, clinical parameters, and overall productivity loss were examined, and multiple regression models were used to examine relationships among parameters and productivity loss. PC were calculated using the friction cost approach. RESULTS: Mean patient age and disease duration were 47.1 and 15.7 years, respectively. The mean HAQ and DAS28 in patients with RA were 1.22 and 5.6, respectively. The mean BASDAI score in patients with AS was 4.43. The mean BSA and PASI score in patients with psoriasis were 21.1% and 12.9, respectively. The percentage of patients with psoriatic arthritis (in those with psoriasis) was 24.7%. We did not find significant differences in Work Productivity and Activity Impairment domains among various diagnoses. Patients with AS, RA, and psoriasis reported overall work productivity losses of 40.9%, 42.9%, and 42.8%, respectively. Daily activity impairments were approximately 50.0%. Overall work productivity loss strongly correlated with PROs, whereas correlations with clinical parameters were weak. The HAQ and BASDAI were identified as major predictors of productivity impairment. CONCLUSIONS: The greatest loss in productivity was in those with psoriatic arthritis; however, it was not significant. In contrast to clinical parameters (DAS28, BSA, and PASI score), PROs (HAQ and BASDAI score) significantly influence loss of productivity. The average annual lost PC per patient was estimated to be €2000.

• Klíčová slova
• WPAI, ankylosing spondylitis, productivity costs, psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, work productivity,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Background: Alcohol is a risk factor with serious consequences for society and individuals. This study aims to present methods and approaches that might be used to estimate the costs related to excessive alcohol consumption. It emphasizes the need for general methods and approaches that are easily applicable, because the level of digitalization and data availability vary across regions. The lack of data makes many methods inapplicable and useless. The ease of applicability will help to make cost-of-illness studies and their results comparable globally. Methods: This study is based on data from the Czech Republic in 2017. Drinking alcohol results in costs of healthcare, social care, law enforcement, and administrative costs of public authorities. To quantify the cost of drinking in the Czech Republic, the top-down approach, bottom-up approach, human capital approach and attributable fractions were used. Results: In 2017, the cost related to alcohol was estimated at 0.66% of the national GDP. Lost productivity represented 54.45% of total cost related to alcohol. All cost related to alcohol is considered to be avoidable. Conclusions: The methods and approaches applied to estimate the cost of disease or any other health issue should be generalized regarding the availability of data and specifics of provided services to people who are addicted or have any kind of disability.

• Klíčová slova
• Czech Republic, alcohol addiction, cost of illness, lost productivity,
• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• náklady na zdravotní péči * MeSH
• osobní újma zaviněná nemocí * MeSH
• pití alkoholu epidemiologie   MeSH
• prosazení zákonů MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH

OBJECTIVES: Smoking is an important risk factor leading to many diseases, which brings substantial healthcare costs as well as indirect costs due to decreased productivity. This article aims to quantify the social costs of smoking in the Czech Republic in 2019. METHODS: The prevalence-based, cost-of-illness approach is used, which assesses the costs as the sum of direct (healthcare) costs and indirect costs (productivity losses due to mortality and morbidity). The costs of healthcare utilization and pharmacotherapy in direct costs, and the costs of absenteeism, presenteeism, and premature mortality in indirect costs, are included. RESULTS: Total costs of smoking in the Czech Republic in 2019 are estimated as 2110.6 million EUR (0.94% of GDP). Direct costs amounted to 537.0 million EUR (2.9% of health expenditures in 2019) and indirect costs were 1573.6 million EUR, mainly driven by the costs of premature mortality (1062.5 million EUR). CONCLUSIONS: Despite the declining trend in the prevalence of smoking in the Czech Republic, the associated costs are considerable. Investments into strategies to reduce smoking continue to be needed.

• Klíčová slova
• I12, I18,
• MeSH
• absentérství MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kouření * ekonomika   epidemiologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• náklady na zdravotní péči * statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• osobní újma zaviněná nemocí * MeSH
• předčasná smrt MeSH
• presenteismus ekonomika   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• výdaje na zdravotnictví * statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer (BC) poses a public health challenge as the most commonly diagnosed cancer among women globally. While BC mortality has declined across Europe in the past three decades, an opposite trend has been reported in some transitional European countries. This analysis estimates the mortality burden and the cost of lost productivity due to BC deaths in nine Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) countries: Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, and Slovenia, that have defied the favorable cancer mortality trends. These estimates may provide relevant evidence to aid decision-makers in the prioritization of BC-targeted policies. METHODS: The human capital approach (HCA) was used to estimate years of life lost (YLL) and productivity losses due to premature death from BC (ICD-10 code: C50 Malignant neoplasm of breast). YLL and present value of future lost productivity (PVFLP) were calculated using age and gender-specific mortality, wages, and employment rates. Data were sourced from the World Health Organization (WHO), Eurostat, and the World Bank. RESULTS: In 2019, there were 19,726 BC deaths in the nine CEE countries. This study estimated BC deaths resulted in 267,184 YLL. Annual PVFLP was estimated to be €85 M in Poland, €46 M in Romania, €39 M in Hungary, €21 M in Slovakia, €18 M in Serbia, €16 M in Czech Republic, €15 M in Bulgaria, €13 M in Croatia, and €7 M in Slovenia. CONCLUSION: Premature death from BC leads to substantial YLL and productivity losses. Lost productivity costs due to premature BC-related mortality exceeded €259 million in 2019 alone. The data modeled provide important evidence toward resource allocation priorities for BC prevention, screening, and treatment that could potentially decrease productivity losses. Careful consideration should be given to BC-specific policies, such as surveillance programs and the availability of new treatments in CEE countries to decrease the medical and financial burden of the disease.

• Klíčová slova
• Health economics, I, I1, I10, I18, TNBC, breast cancer, health policy, indirect costs,
• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory prsu * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Evropa epidemiologie   MeSH
• Polsko MeSH
• východní Evropa epidemiologie   MeSH

OBJECTIVES: This article aimed to count and compare treatment's direct (only biological drugs) and indirect (loss of productivity) costs in patients with rheumatoid arthritis from 2019 to 2021. METHODS: The friction cost approach was used to establish indirect costs. Elasticity factor values and friction period for the Slovak Republic from 2019 to 2021 were determined. Direct drug costs were calculated based on average prices from 2019 to 2021 and the number of dispensed medication packages. RESULTS: The average productivity loss reached €2984.54 in 2019, €3338.46 in 2020, and €3154.01 in 2021. Total indirect costs include productivity loss and sick pay, and from 2019 to 2021 came the values of €8.4 million, €10.1 million, and €8.1 million, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Indirect costs were almost 2.5 to 3 times lower than the biological and targeted treatment costs.

• Klíčová slova
• direct costs, elasticity factor, friction period, indirect costs, loss of productivity,
• MeSH
• biologické přípravky * terapeutické užití   MeSH
• finanční stres MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• náklady na zdravotní péči MeSH
• osobní újma zaviněná nemocí MeSH
• revmatoidní artritida * farmakoterapie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• biologické přípravky * MeSH

The use of a societal perspective in pharmacoeconomic analyses is a widely discussed topic. One of the fundamental problems of using the social perspective is the inconsistency of indirect costs calculation. We searched published articles on the use and differences of Human capital approach (HCA) and Friction cost approach (FCA) methods using the Web of Science database using keywords. We analyzed the information obtained from relevant publications. We obtained an overview of recommendations for the use of a social perspective in the world. We summarized and highlighted the necessary information about the differences between the FCA and HCA procedures. We have identified the key variables used in the FCA method when evaluating productivity cost, and we have proposed a procedure for obtaining them. We recommend creating a uniform methodology that could increase the comparison of individual analyses from different countries and contribute to data transferability.

• Klíčová slova
• Human capital, Indirect costs, friction period, productivity loss, societal perspective,
• MeSH
• ekonomika farmaceutická * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• osobní újma zaviněná nemocí * MeSH
• tření MeSH
• výkonnost MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

AIMS: To estimate the direct and indirect costs associated with disability due to multiple sclerosis (MS) in Poland. METHODS: Recently a cost-of-illness study was conducted in the Czech Republic, involving 909 patients with different levels of disability (the COMS study). Data on resource use from this trial was extrapolated to Polish patients and combined with Polish unit costs in 2012. The mean annual costs from societal and payers perspective were calculated for patients according to EDSS. RESULTS: The estimated mean annual cost per patient with MS from a societal perspective ranges from 6970 EUR to 26,791 EUR. Indirect costs (production loss due to early retirement, sick-leave and informal care) cover up to 70% of total costs. CONCLUSIONS: With an estimated 40-60,000 patients with MS in Poland, the disease poses a high economic burden. Indirect costs have a substantial share in these costs. A high-quality prospective study on costs is needed.

• Klíčová slova
• cost-of-illness, costs, economic burden, multiple sclerosis,
• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• osobní újma zaviněná nemocí * MeSH
• roztroušená skleróza ekonomika   MeSH
• zdravotnické zdroje statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Polsko MeSH

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the direct and indirect costs of active smoking in Vietnam. METHOD: A prevalence-based disease-specific cost of illness approach was utilised to calculate the costs related to five smoking-related diseases: lung cancer, cancers of the upper aerodigestive tract, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, ischaemic heart disease and stroke. Data on healthcare came from an original survey, hospital records and official government statistics. Morbidity and mortality due to smoking combined with the average per capita income were used to calculate the indirect costs of smoking by applying the human capital approach. The smoking-attributable fraction was calculated using the adjusted relative risk values from phase II of the American Cancer Society Cancer Prevention Study (CPS-II). Costs were classified as personal, governmental and health insurance costs. RESULTS: The total economic cost of smoking in 2011 was estimated at 24 679.9 billion Vietnamese dong (VND), equivalent to US$1173.2 million or approximately 0.97% of the 2011 gross domestic product. The direct costs of inpatient and outpatient care reached 9896.2 billion VND (US$470.4 million) and 2567.2 billion VND (US$122.0 million), respectively. The government's contribution to these costs was 4534.3 billion VND (US$215.5 million), which was equivalent to 5.76% of its 2011 healthcare budget. The indirect costs (productivity loss) due to morbidity and mortality were 2652.9 billion VND (US$126.1 million) and 9563.5 billion VND (US$454.6 million), respectively. These indirect costs represent about 49.5% of the total costs of smoking. CONCLUSIONS: Tobacco consumption has large negative consequences on the Vietnamese economy.

• Klíčová slova
• Economics, Low/Middle income country, Smoking Caused Disease,
• MeSH
• kouření ekonomika   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• osobní újma zaviněná nemocí * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Vietnam MeSH

INTRODUCTION: Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is the most commonly diagnosed mitochondrial disorder, resulting in colour vision abnormalities and rapid but painless deterioration of central vision. While numerous studies have assessed the impact of LHON on the quality of life (QoL) of LHON patients, the financial impact of the disease remains unexplored. This study attempts to calculate both the direct non-medical costs and the indirect costs associated with productivity losses experienced by people with LHON and their unpaid caregivers in Slovenia, in addition to assessing their QoL. Due to the rarity of the disease, the study involved a small sample size, which is important to note for interpreting the results. METHODS: The analysis was conducted on nine adult participants diagnosed with LHON, representing one-third of the total number of known Slovenian patients with this condition. To thoroughly assess the economic and social impact of LHON, tailored questionnaires were designed to collect information on demographics, socioeconomic status, LHON severity, and associated non-medical and indirect costs. RESULTS: The mean age of the study participants was 48.8 years (SD 13.3; n = 9). The annual productivity loss attributable to LHON, taking both absenteeism and relative presenteeism into account, was calculated to be EUR 11,608 per person affected. The mean VFQ-25 score, a measure of vision-related quality of life, for adult LHON patients was 30.4 (SD 12.9). CONCLUSION: The findings highlight the significant economic and social burden of LHON on patients and their families. Ensuring prompt, accurate diagnosis, access to treatment, financial support, and psychological counselling and services are critical to helping individuals cope with and mitigate the profound challenges of vision loss and living with LHON.

• Klíčová slova
• Absenteeism, LHON, Productivity loss, Quality of life, Socioeconomic burden,
• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kvalita života * MeSH
• Leberova atrofie zrakového nervu * ekonomika   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• osobní újma zaviněná nemocí MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Slovinsko MeSH

INTRODUCTION: In order to estimate the value of interventions in multiple sclerosis (MS) - where lifetime costs and outcomes cannot be observed - outcome data have to be combined with costs. This requires that cost data be regularly updated. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS: This study is part of a cross-sectional retrospective study in 16 countries collecting data on resource consumption and work capacity, health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and prevalent symptoms for patients with MS. Descriptive analyses are presented by level of severity, in the societal perspective, in CZK 2015. RESULTS: A total of 747 patients (mean age 47 years) participated; 86% were below retirement age and of these, 49% were employed. Employment was related to disease severity, and MS affected productivity at work for 82% of those working. Overall, 92% and 66% of patients experienced fatigue and cognitive difficulties as a problem. Mean utility and annual costs were 0.832 and 257,000CZK at Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) 0-3, 0.530 and 425,500CZK at EDSS 4-6.5 and 0.141 and 489,000CZK at EDSS 7-9. The average cost of a relapse was estimated at 12,600CZK. CONCLUSION: This study provides current data on MS in the Czech Republic that are important for the development of health policies.

• Klíčová slova
• Czech Republic, HRQoL, Multiple sclerosis, burden of illness, cognition, costs, fatigue,
• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kvalita života * MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• náklady na zdravotní péči statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• osobní újma zaviněná nemocí * MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• roztroušená skleróza * ekonomika   epidemiologie   patofyziologie   terapie   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• stupeň závažnosti nemoci MeSH
• zaměstnanost statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH