The case of spoilage of flavoured and sweetened soft drink occurred in the Czech Republic in 2019. After drinking it, the consumer was admitted to a hospital with sickness. The spoilage was caused by mould and an odorous substance, 1,3-pentadiene. The mechanism of food spoilage, with the formation of 1,3-pentadiene arising from the decarboxylation of sorbic acid and mould growth, is described. This could be the second case history reported worldwide of an allergic reaction to penicillin explaining how penicillin might get into the beverage. We hypothesise three possible causes of the health problem experienced with allergic reaction to penicillin or other mycotoxin produced by Penicillium mould as the most probable one.

• Klíčová slova
• 1, 3-pentadiene, allergy, mould, penicillin, soft drink,
• MeSH
• alkadieny * MeSH
• houby MeSH
• kyselina sorbová * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• pentany MeSH
• sycené nápoje MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• 1,3-pentadiene MeSH Prohlížeč
• alkadieny * MeSH
• kyselina sorbová * MeSH
• pentany MeSH

OBJECTIVES: Soft drinks are a major component of daily caloric and sugar intake. This is especially true for children and adolescents. The WHO as well as many other institutions currently recommend to increase research on the determinants of soft drink consumption. We submit a current systematic review on this topic. METHODS: In accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement, we included all quantitative observational studies that comprise samples from developed countries in the age range 0-18 years and are listed in PubMed, Sociological Abstracts and the Social Sciences Citation Index. Publication period was not limited. The second and the last author screened all 10,392 hits independently with both reviewers being blinded. Interrater reliability (agreement and Cohen's kappa) was 97%/0.73 for the selection of titles, 91%/0.83 for abstracts and 91%/0.80 for full texts. RESULTS: Results of 43 included studies, published between 2001 and 2017, show that children and adolescents consuming soft drinks tend to be older, male and of lower social status. Important contextual factors promoting consumption include constant availability at home, at schools or elsewhere as well as restrictions by parents and rules concerning drinks during meals or generally at home. The association between media consumption and soft drink consumption is particularly striking. Other factors in the food environment (choice of food and alternative drinks at home, having meals together, motivation, knowledge about nutrition and healthy eating) are of minor importance. CONCLUSIONS: When introducing interventions parents should play a major role because they serve as physical and social gatekeepers for this early risk factor of juvenile obesity.

• Klíčová slova
• child health, obesity, soda, soft drinks, sweetened beverages, systematic review,
• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• obezita MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
• sociální status * MeSH
• sycené nápoje * MeSH
• vyspělé země MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• systematický přehled MeSH

BACKGROUND: Fruit juice and soft drink consumption have been shown to be related to obesity. However, this relationship has not been explored in Eastern Europe. The present study aimed to assess the cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships between fruit juice, soft drink consumption and body mass index (BMI) in Eastern European cohorts. METHODS: Data from the Health, Alcohol and Psychosocial factors in Eastern Europe population-based prospective cohort study, based in Russia, Poland and the Czech Republic, were used. Intakes of sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB), artificially-sweetened beverage (ASB) and fruit juice were estimated from a food frequency questionnaire. Participant BMI values were assessed at baseline (n = 26 634) and after a 3-year follow-up (data available only for Russia, n = 5205). RESULTS: Soft drink consumption was generally low, particularly in Russia. Compared to never drinkers of SSB, participants who drank SSB every day had a significantly higher BMI in the Czech [β-coefficient = 0.28; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.02-0.54], Russian (β-coefficient = 1.38; 95% CI = 0.62-2.15) and Polish (β-coefficient = 0.83; 95% CI = 0.29-1.37) cohorts. Occasional or daily ASB consumption was also positively associated with BMI in all three cohorts. Results for daily fruit juice intake were inconsistent, with a positive association amongst Russians (β-coefficient = 0.75; 95% CI = 0.28-1.21) but a negative trend in the Czech Republic (β-coefficient = -0.42; 95% CI = -0.86 to 0.02). Russians participants who drank SSB or ASB had an increased BMI after follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings support previous studies suggesting that soft drink consumption (including SSBs and ASBs) is positively related to BMI, whereas our results for fruit juice were less consistent. Policies regarding these beverages should be considered in Eastern Europe to lower the risk of obesity.

• Klíčová slova
• Eastern Europe, body mass index, fruit juice, soft drinks,
• MeSH
• chování při pití MeSH
• dieta - přehledy MeSH
• index tělesné hmotnosti MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• longitudinální studie MeSH
• následné studie MeSH
• obezita epidemiologie   etiologie   MeSH
• ovocné a zeleninové šťávy škodlivé účinky   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• prospektivní studie MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• sycené nápoje škodlivé účinky   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• multicentrická studie MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH
• Polsko epidemiologie   MeSH
• Rusko epidemiologie   MeSH

In order to address the paucity of evidence on the association between childhood eating habits and urbanization, this cross-sectional study describes urban-rural differences in frequency of fruit, vegetable, and soft drink consumption in 123,100 children aged 6-9 years from 19 countries participating in the fourth round (2015-2017) of the WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI). Children's parents/caregivers completed food-frequency questionnaires. A multivariate multilevel logistic regression analysis was performed and revealed wide variability among countries and within macroregions for all indicators. The percentage of children attending rural schools ranged from 3% in Turkey to 70% in Turkmenistan. The prevalence of less healthy eating habits was high, with between 30-80% and 30-90% children not eating fruit or vegetables daily, respectively, and up to 45% consuming soft drinks on >3 days a week. For less than one third of the countries, children attending rural schools had higher odds (OR-range: 1.1-2.1) for not eating fruit or vegetables daily or consuming soft drinks >3 days a week compared to children attending urban schools. For the remainder of the countries no significant associations were observed. Both population-based interventions and policy strategies are necessary to improve access to healthy foods and increase healthy eating behaviors among children.

• Klíčová slova
• children, fruit, rural, soft drinks, urban, vegetables,
• MeSH
• dieta MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dostupnost zdravé stravy * MeSH
• internacionalita MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• obezita dětí a dospívajících * epidemiologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• ovoce MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• stravovací zvyklosti MeSH
• Světová zdravotnická organizace MeSH
• sycené nápoje MeSH
• zelenina MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

PURPOSE: To assess country-level trends in the prevalence of daily consumption of sugary (2002-2018) and diet (2006-2018) soft drinks among European adolescents, overall and by family material affluence. METHODS: We used 2002, 2006, 2010, 2014 and 2018 data from the 'Health Behaviour in School-aged Children' survey. Nationally representative samples of adolescents completed a standardised questionnaire at school, including a short food frequency questionnaire (n = 530,976 and 21 countries for sugary soft drinks; n = 61,487 and 4 countries for diet soft drinks). We classified adolescents into three socioeconomic categories for each country and survey year, using the Family Affluence Scale. Multilevel logistic models estimated time trends, by country. RESULTS: Sugary soft drinks: the prevalence of daily consumption (≥ 1×/day) declined in 21/21 countries (Plinear trends ≤ 0.002). Absolute [range - 31.7 to - 3.4% points] and relative [range - 84.8 to - 22.3%] reductions varied considerably across countries, with the largest declines in Ireland, England and Norway. In 3/21 countries, the prevalence of daily consumption decreased more strongly in the most affluent adolescents than in the least affluent ones (P ≤ 0.002). Daily consumption was more prevalent among the least affluent adolescents in 11/21 countries in 2018 (P ≤ 0.002). Diet soft drinks: overall, daily consumption decreased over time in 4/4 countries (Plinear trends ≤ 0.002), more largely among the most affluent adolescents in 1/4 country (P ≤ 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Daily consumption of sugary and diet soft drinks in European adolescents decreased between 2002 (2006 for diet drinks) and 2018. Public health interventions should continue discouraging daily soft drink consumption, particularly among adolescents from lower socioeconomic groups.

• Klíčová slova
• Adolescents, Artificially sweetened beverages, Diet soft drinks, Health Behaviour in School-aged Children study, Socioeconomic inequalities in health, Sodas, Sugar-sweetened beverages, Sugary soft drinks, Trend analysis,
• MeSH
• cukry * MeSH
• dieta MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• nápoje slazené umělými sladidly * MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• sycené nápoje MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• cukry * MeSH

OBJECTIVES: Oral health can affect quality of life in all course of life, which is a key factor of general health. Dental caries, periodontitis and oral cancer are of the highest burden of oral diseases. Rising prevalence of soft drinks and alcoholic beverages consumption due to easy access and socio-demographic altering has increased the concerns on oral health. In this review our purpose was to show effects of the most consumed beverages on oral health in people older than 15 years. METHODS: The review was based on papers published in last 10 years, searched with combined key words related to types of drinks and specific oral health problems. We included 4 older studies due to lack of newer studies on subjected topics. RESULTS: Sugar-free soft drinks are found less cariogenic and erosive than regular versions in limited number of studies. Alcohol consumption is shown as one of the risk factors of prevalence and severity of periodontitis and is proven to have synergistic effects along with tobacco on oral cancer risk. Consumption of soft drinks and alcoholic beverages was related with tooth loss whether dental caries or periodontal diseases. CONCLUSION: There is good evidence for association between soft drinks and oral health problems, but still no clear answer exists about strength of association between sugar-free soft drinks and dental caries. Also the knowledge about influence of alcohol is inadequate. Since consuming style affects erosive potential of drinks manufacturers should be required to add some recommendations on labels about drinking style.

• Klíčová slova
• alcohol consumption, carbonated drinks consumption, dental health, oral health, sugar sweetened beverages,
• MeSH
• alkoholické nápoje škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• konzumní sacharóza škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• kvalita života MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nápoje MeSH
• orální zdraví * MeSH
• sycené nápoje škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• zubní kaz etiologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• konzumní sacharóza MeSH

Flunitrazepam, also known as "Rohypnol" or "Rophy" among other trade and street names, is an extremely potent benzodiazepine that is prescribed to treat severe insomnia. Due to these attributes, flunitrazepam, when is surreptitiously administered to an alcoholic or soft drink, is associated with "drug-facilitated sexual assault". We report here for the first time, a low cost lab-on-a-screen-printed electrochemical cell (SPC) based on iron-sparked graphite working electrode modified with glucose oxidase (GOx) and glucose hydrogel droplets (GluHD) for the detection of flunitrazepam. Iron-spark modification increases the response of the sensor by ca. 3-fold compared with that of the plain electrode, while an in situ deoxygenation process, based on GOx-glucose enzyme reaction, depletes dissolved oxygen. As a result, the method enables interference free voltammetric measurements of the electro reduction of the nitro group of flunitrazepam at ca. -0.71 to -0.78 V vs. Ag printed pseudo reference electrode depending on the sample's matrix, and the detection of the drug at the sub-millimolar level. GOx/GluHD-FeSPC was directly applied to the drop-volume (∼60 μL) detection of flunitrazepam to a wide range of untreated and undiluted spiked samples (Pepsi cola®, Vodka, Whisky, Tequila, Gin, and Rum) of different acidity (pH 2.3-8.4), and alcohol content up to 40% v/v. Data demonstrate the excellent performance of the sensor for point-of-need screening of flunitrazepam and suggest that GOx/GluHD-FeSPC holds promise as an effective analytical tool to prevent phenomena of covert drug administration.

• Klíčová slova
• Date-rape drugs, Drug-facilitated sexual assault, Flunitrazepam, Point-of-need voltammetric sensors, Rohypnol(®), Screen-printed sparked electrodes,
• MeSH
• alkoholické nápoje analýza   MeSH
• anxiolytika analýza   MeSH
• Aspergillus niger enzymologie   MeSH
• biosenzitivní techniky metody   MeSH
• elektrochemické techniky metody   MeSH
• elektrody MeSH
• flunitrazepam analýza   MeSH
• glukosa chemie   MeSH
• glukosaoxidasa chemie   MeSH
• grafit chemie   MeSH
• kyslík chemie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• limita detekce MeSH
• sycené nápoje analýza   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• anxiolytika MeSH
• flunitrazepam MeSH
• glukosa MeSH
• glukosaoxidasa MeSH
• grafit MeSH
• kyslík MeSH

High consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) is associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The last report on the prevalence of SSBs consumption in Czechia was 17 years ago, an updated analysis will enable the design of appropriate public health policies. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of SSBs consumption in a Czech city during 2020 and 2022, and its association with cardiometabolic biomarkers, behavioral risk factors, and socioeconomic determinants. A total of 730 participants (33 to 73 years) were assessed from a random population-based survey. SSBs consumption was evaluated using two methods: by calorie amount, with a 24 h dietary recall, and by frequency, with a food frequency questionnaire. By calorie amount, the prevalence of SSBs consumption was none: 52.5%, low: 30.0%, and moderate−high: 17.5%; by frequency was never: 16.0%, occasionally: 64.1%, and daily: 19.9%. SSBs intake was higher in men (p < 0.001) and younger participants (p = 0.001). Men consuming daily had higher waist circumference and visceral fat area compared to both occasional and never consumers. Higher SSBs consumption was associated with low household income, middle education level, and high total energy intake. In total, 20% drank SSBs daily and 17.5% of participants consumed moderate−high calorie amounts of SSBs. These results represent an increase in the prevalence of SSBs consumption in the last two decades. Public health policies should target men of younger age and people with low education and income.

• Klíčová slova
• Czechia, cardiovascular disease, epidemiology, soft drinks, sugar-sweetened beverages,
• MeSH
• cukrem slazené nápoje * škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• dieta MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nápoje škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH

OBJECTIVES: In Czech children, the burden related to the high body-mass index is rising. In the last three decades, Western eating patterns have influenced Czech children's diet, including the high consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages. This narrative review aims to evaluate evidence of the trend of sugar-sweetened beverages consumption in Czech children and its impact on the prevalence of childhood abnormal adiposity. METHODS: A comprehensive literature review in MEDLINE (PubMed) and a hand search using references in identified articles were performed. The inclusion criteria were population-based studies of randomly selected samples of children from 0 to 18 years old, data involving the Czech population, published from 1990 to 2021. The results were organized into three sections - childhood abnormal adiposity, SSBs consumption, and the association between SSBs consumption and abnormal adiposity. RESULTS: The studies showed a significant increase in abnormal adiposity in both genders and all age categories. The highest prevalence of abnormal adiposity was observed in boys and younger children. On the contrary, sugar-sweetened beverages showed a significant decline in daily consumption among Czech children of both genders and all age categories. No results were found for consequences of abnormal adiposity concerning sugar-sweetened beverages consumption. CONCLUSION: Findings from this review could serve public health experts to detect the areas of a gap in research and establish potential interventions in vulnerable groups. Observation of potential obesogenic contributors - including sugar-sweetened beverages - should be an integral part of effective action against the obesity pandemic.

• Klíčová slova
• abnormal adiposity, children, soft drinks, sugar-sweetened beverages,
• MeSH
• adipozita MeSH
• cukrem slazené nápoje * škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• nápoje škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• obezita dětí a dospívajících * epidemiologie   etiologie   MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH

OBJECTIVES: Higher-than-recommended sugar consumption (< 10% of total energy intake; WHO) leads to negative health impacts and the development of serious diseases. Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) proved to be among the leading sources of free sugar intake, as they contain large amounts of added sugar. Our article aims to propose tax measures that will help change consumer behaviour and reduce SSBs consumption. METHODS: For a comparison of the forms of taxation, the experience of seven countries (Denmark, France, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Catalonia - Spain, and the UK) were analysed. The evolution of sugar consumption, consumption of sweetened drinks and obesity before and after the introduction and/or abolition of the sugar tax were reviewed. RESULTS: States that implemented a tax on SSBs were able to reduce SSBs consumption in the first year after the tax was introduced when states with a sugar-content-based tax have implemented it more effectively than states with a volume-based tax. Based on this finding, we propose basic design assumptions for the tax that can be used in European countries that have not yet introduced the tax. Progressive taxation divides beverages into 3 bands. The basic assumption is to encourage the desired consumer behaviour, i.e., consumption of SSBs with lower sugar content. The proposed tax design is applied to the conditions of the Czech Republic as a model case study. CONCLUSIONS: The results of our study suggest that SSBs taxation could be an effective policy intervention to improve population health by reducing the health impacts of SSBs among children and adolescents, although further studies are needed to prove the causality of the described associations.

• Klíčová slova
• diabetes mellitus type 2, health impact, obesity, sugar-sweetened beverages, taxation,
• MeSH
• cukrem slazené nápoje * ekonomika   MeSH
• daně * MeSH
• Evropská unie * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• obezita prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH