The cuticular hydrocarbons (CHs) and morphology of two Ceratitis rosa Karsch (Diptera: Tephritidae) populations, putatively belonging to two cryptic taxa, were analysed. The chemical profiles were characterised by two-dimensional gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. CHs of Ceratitis rosa that originated from the lowlands and highlands of Kenya comprised of n-alkanes, monomethylalkanes, dimethylalkanes and unsaturated hydrocarbons in the range of the carbon backbone from C14 to C37. Hydrocarbons containing C29, C31, C33 and C35 carbon atoms predominated in these two populations. 2-Methyltriacontane was the predominant compound in both populations. Quantitative differences in the distribution of hydrocarbons of different chain lengths, mainly the C22, C32, C33 and C34 compounds of these two populations, were observed despite indistinct qualitative differences in these hydrocarbons. Morphological analyses of male legs confirmed that the flies belong to different morphotypes of Ceratitis rosa previously labelled as R1 and R2 for lowland and highland populations, respectively. A statistical analysis of the CH compositions of the putative R1 and R2 species showed distinct interspecific identities, with several CHs specific for each of the lowland and highland populations. This study supports a hypothesis that the taxon Ceratitis rosa consists of at least two biological species.

Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry ASCR v v i Flemingovo nám 2 CZ 166 10 Prague 6 Czech Republic; Institute of Chemical Technology Prague Technická 5 CZ 166 28 Prague 6 Czech Republic

International Center for Insect Physiology and Ecology PO Box 30772 00100 GPO Nairobi Kenya

Laboratório de Ecologia Química Instituto de Química e Biotecnologia Universidade Federal de Alagoas Maceió AL Brazil; Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry ASCR v v i Flemingovo nám 2 CZ 166 10 Prague 6 Czech Republic

Laboratory of Plant Physiology Center of Agricultural Sciences Federal University of Alagoas Maceió Brazil

Royal Museum for Central Africa Leuvensesteenweg 13 B 3080 Tervuren Belgium

Zobrazit více v PubMed

Aluja M, Norrbom AL. (2001) Fruit Flies (Tephritidae): Phylogeny and Evolution of Behavior. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton.

Baliraine FN, Bonizzoni M, Guglielmino CR, Osir EO, Lux SA, Mulaa FJ, Gomulski LM, Zheng L, Quilici S, Gasperi G, Malacrida AR. (2004) Population genetics of the potentially invasive African fruit fly species, PubMed DOI

Blomquist GJ, Bagnères AG. (2010) Insect Hydrocarbons: Biology, Biochemistry, and Chemical Ecology. Cambridge University Press, New York. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511711909 DOI

Bontonou G, Wicker-Thomas C. (2014) Sexual communiaction in the PubMed DOI PMC

Carlson DA, Yocom SR. (1986) Cuticular hydrocarbons from six species of Tephritid fruit flies. Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 3: 397–412. doi: 10.1002/arch.940030407 DOI

Clarke KR. (1993) Non-parametric multivariate analyses of changes in community structure. Australian Journal of Ecology 18: 117–143. doi: 10.1111/j.1442-9993.1993.tb00438.x DOI

De Meyer M. (2000) Phylogeny of the genus

De Meyer M. (2001) On the identity of the Natal fruit fly

De Meyer M, Freidberg A. (2006) Revision of the subgenus

De Meyer M, Robertson MP, Peterson AT, Mansell MW. (2008) Ecological niches and potential geographical distributions of Mediterranean fruit fly (

De Meyer M, Delatte H, Ekesi S, Jordaens K, Kalinová B, Manrakhan A, Mwatawala M, Steck G, Van Cann J, Vaníčková L, Břízová R, Virgilio M. (2015) An integrative approach to unravel the PubMed DOI PMC

Duyck PF, David P, Quilici S. (2004) A review of relationships between interspecifc competition and invasions in fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae). Ecological Entomology 29: 511–520. doi: 10.1111/j.0307-6946.2004.00638.x DOI

Etges WJ. (1998) Premating isolation is determined by larval rearing substrates in cactophilic PubMed DOI

Etges WJ, Jackson LL. (2001) Epicuticular hydrocarbon variation in PubMed DOI

Ferveur JF. (2005) Cuticular hydrocarbons: Their evolution and roles in PubMed DOI

Gibbs A, Chippindale A, Rose M. (1997) Physiological mechanisms of evolved desiccation resistance in PubMed

Gibbs AG. (2011) Thermodynamics of cuticular transpiration. Journal of Insect Physiology 57: 1066–1069. doi: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2011.05.003 PubMed DOI

Goh SH, Ooi KE, Chuah CH, Yong HS, Khoo SG, Ong SH. (1993) Cuticular hydrocarbons from two species of Malaysian DOI

Grout TG, Stoltz KC. (2007) Developmental rates at constant temperature of three economically important PubMed DOI

Havens JA, Etges WJ. (2013) Premating isolation is determined by larval rearing substrates in cactophilic PubMed DOI

Higa I, Fuyama Y. (1993) Genetics of food preference in PubMed DOI

Houot B, Svetec N, Godoy-Herrera R, Ferveur JF. (2010) Effects of laboratory acclimation on the variation of reproduction-related characters in PubMed

Howard RW, Blomquist GJ. (2005) Ecological, behavioral, and biochemical aspects of insect hydrocarbons. Annual Review of Entomology 50: 371–393. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ento.50.071803.130359 PubMed DOI

Jennings JH, Etges WJ, Schmitt T, Hoikkala A. (2014) Cuticular hydrocarbons of PubMed DOI

Jones CD. (2001) The genetica basis of larval resistance to a host plant toxin in PubMed DOI

Kather R, Martin SJ. (2012) Cuticular hydrocarbon profiles as a taxonomic tool: advantages, limitations and technical aspects. Physiological Entomology 37: 25–32. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3032.2011.00826.x DOI

Key M. (2012) A tutorial in displaying mass spectrometry-based proteomic data using heat maps. BMC Bioinformatics 13 Suppl 16: S10. doi: 10.1186/1471-2105-13-S16-S10 PubMed DOI PMC

Milet-Pinheiro P, Navarro DMA, De Aquino NC, Ferreira LL, Tavares RF, Da Silva RCC, Lima-Mendonça A, Vaníčková L, Mendonça AL, Do Nascimento RR. (2014) Identification of male-borne attractants in DOI

Oksanen J, Blanchet FG, Kindt R, Legendre P, Minchin PR, O’Hara RB, Simpson GL, Solymos P, Stevens MHH, Wagner H. (2015) vegan: Community Ecology Package. R package version 2.2-1. http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=vegan

Quilici S, Franck A, Peppuy A, Dos Reis Correia E, Mouniama C, Blard F. (2002) Comparative studies of courtship behavior of DOI

R Core Team (2014) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. http://www.R-project.org/

Rouault J, Capy P, Jallon J-M. (2001) Variations of male cuticular hydrocarbons with geoclimatic variables: An adaptative mechanism in PubMed DOI

Rouault JD, Marican C, Wicker-Thomas C, Jallon JM. (2004) Relations between cuticular hydrocarbon (HC) polymorphism, resistance against desiccation and breeding temperature; a model for HC evolution in PubMed DOI

Shelly TE. (2000) Male signalling and lek attractiveness in the Mediterranean fruit fly. Animal Behaviour 60: 245–251. doi: 10.1006/anbe.2000.1470 PubMed DOI

Shelly TE, Edu J, Pahio E, Nishimoto J. (2007) Scented males and choosy females: does male odor influence female mate choice in the Mediterranean fruit fly? Journal of Chemical Ecology 33: 2308–2324. doi: 10.1007/s10886-007-9394-y PubMed DOI

Stennett MD, Etges WJ. (1997) Premating isolation is determined by larval rearing substrates in cactophilic DOI

Sutton BD, Carlson BD. (1993) Interspecific variation in Tephritid fruit fly larvae surface hydrocarbons. Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 23: 53–65. doi: 10.1002/arch.940230202 DOI

Tanga CM, Manrakhan A, Daneel JH, Mohamed SA, Khamis FM, Ekesi S. (2015) Comparative analysis of development and survival of two Natal fruit fly PubMed DOI PMC

Van Cann J, Virgilio M, Jordaens K, De Meyer M. (2015) Wing morphometrics as a possible tool for the diagnosis of the PubMed DOI PMC

Van Den Dool H, Kratz PD. (1963) A generalization of the retention index system including linear temperature programmed gas-liquid partition chromatography. Journal of Chromatography A 11: 463–471. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9673(01)80947-X PubMed DOI

Vaníčková L. (2012) Chemical ecology of fruit flies: Genera

Vaníčková L, Břízová R, Mendonça AL, Pompeiano A, Do Nascimento RR. (2015) Intraspecific variation of cuticular hydrocarbon profiles in DOI

Vaníčková L, do Nascimento RR, Hoskovec M, Ježková Z, Břízová R, Tomčala A, Kalinová B. (2012a) Are the wild and laboratory insect populations different in semiochemical emission? The case of medfly sex pheromone. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 60: 7168–7176. doi: 10.1021/jf301474d PubMed DOI

Vaníčková L, Svatoš A, Kroiss J, Kaltenpoth M, Nascimento RR, Hoskovec M, Břízová R, Kalinová B. (2012b) Cuticular hydrocarbons of the South American fruit fly PubMed DOI

Vaníčková L, Virgilio M, Tomčala A, Břízová R, Ekesi S, Hoskovec M, Kalinová B, Do Nascimento RR, De Meyer M. (2014) Resolution of three cryptic agricultural pests ( PubMed DOI

Veltsos P, Wicker-Thomas C, Butlin RK, Hoikkala A, Ritchie MG. (2012) Sexual selection on song and cuticular hydrocarbons in two distinct populations of PubMed DOI PMC

Virgilio M, Delatte H, Quilici S, Backeljau T, De Meyer M. (2013) Cryptic diversity and gene flow among three African agricultural pests: PubMed DOI

Virgilio M, Jordaens K, Breman FC, Backeljau T, De Meyer M. (2012) Identifying insects with incomplete DNA barcode libraries, African fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) as a test case. PLoS ONE 7: e31581. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031581 PubMed DOI PMC

Wagoner KM, Lehmann T, Huestis DL, Ehrmann BM, Cech NB, Wasseberg G. (2014) Identification of morphological and chemical markers of dry- and wet-season conditions in female PubMed DOI PMC

Warnes GR, Bolker B, Bonebakker L, Gentleman R, Liaw WHA, Lumley T, Maechler M, Magnusson A, Moeller S, Schwartz M, Venables B. (2015) gplots: Various R Programming Tools for Plotting Data. R package version 2.16.0. http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=gplots

Yuval B, Hendrichs J. (2001) Behavior of flies in the genus

Tephritid Fruit Fly Semiochemicals: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives

Salinity in Autumn-Winter Season and Fruit Quality of Tomato Landraces

Epicuticular chemistry reinforces the new taxonomic classification of the Bactrocera dorsalis species complex (Diptera: Tephritidae, Dacinae)

Characterisation of the chemical profiles of Brazilian and Andean morphotypes belonging to the Anastrepha fraterculus complex (Diptera, Tephritidae)

An integrative approach to unravel the Ceratitis FAR (Diptera, Tephritidae) cryptic species complex: a review

Analyses of volatiles produced by the African fruit fly species complex (Diptera, Tephritidae)