BACKGROUND: Numerous articles related to S100 proteins have been recently published. This review aims to introduce this large protein family and its importance in the diagnostics of many pathological conditions in children and adults. DATA SOURCES: Based on original publications found in database systems, we summarize the current knowledge about the S100 protein group and highlight the most important proteins with focus on pediatric use. RESULTS: The S100 family is composed of Ca2+ and Zn2+ binding proteins, which are present only in vertebrates. Some of these proteins can be used as diagnostic markers in cardiology (S100A1, S100A12), oncology (S100A2, S100A5, S100A6, S100A14, S100A16, S100P, S100B), neurology (S100B), rheumatology (S100A8/A9, S100A4, S100A6, and S100A12), nephrology and infections (S100A8, S100A9, S100A8/A9, S100A12). The most useful S100 proteins in pediatrics are S100A8, S100A9, heterodimers S100A8/A9, S100B and S100A12. CONCLUSIONS: The S100 family members are promising biomarkers and provide numerous possibilities for implementation into clinical practice to optimize the differential diagnostic process.

Department of Pediatrics Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry Palacky University and University Hospital Olomouc 1 P Pavlova 6 779 00 Olomouc Czech Republic

Department of Science and Research University Hospital Olomouc 1 P Pavlova 6 779 00 Olomouc Czech Republic

Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine Palacky University Olomouc Hněvotínská 1333 5 779 00 Olomouc Czech Republic

See more in PubMed

J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007 Jan;119(1):106-14 PubMed

Clin Dev Immunol. 2011;2011:291085 PubMed

Circulation. 2006 Sep 19;114(12):1258-68 PubMed

Mol Med Rep. 2015 Jun;11(6):4093-100 PubMed

Lancet. 1990 Sep 29;336(8718):763-5 PubMed

Nat Rev Cancer. 2015 Feb;15(2):96-109 PubMed

Future Med Chem. 2013 Jan;5(1):97-109 PubMed

Arch Dis Child. 1996 Feb;74(2):136-9 PubMed

Nat Rev Immunol. 2001 Nov;1(2):135-45 PubMed

Clin Chem. 2001 Oct;47(10):1836-8 PubMed

Nat Commun. 2012;3:1197 PubMed

Diagn Pathol. 2013 Nov 04;8:181 PubMed

J Biol Chem. 1986 Jun 25;261(18):8192-203 PubMed

J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2016 Nov;63(5):e112-e115 PubMed

Brain Behav Immun. 2009 Aug;23(6):755-9 PubMed

J Cell Sci. 2012 Mar 15;125(Pt 6):1440-54 PubMed

Arch Dis Child. 2012 Dec;97(12):1014-8 PubMed

Adv Clin Exp Med. 2015 Sep-Oct;24(5):815-22 PubMed

Wound Repair Regen. 2008 May-Jun;16(3):442-9 PubMed

J Neurochem. 2004 Dec;91(6):1284-91 PubMed

Indian J Cancer. 2014 Mar;51 Suppl 3:e67-71 PubMed

Inflamm Res. 2016 Nov;65(11):847-852 PubMed

J Cell Sci. 1988 Oct;91 ( Pt 2):221-30 PubMed

Clin Cancer Res. 2013 Jul 15;19(14):3764-75 PubMed

PLoS Pathog. 2011 Mar;7(3):e1001315 PubMed

Clin Biochem. 2012 Apr;45(6):408-11 PubMed

Blood. 2004 Dec 15;104(13):4260-8 PubMed

Afr Health Sci. 2013 Mar;13(1):94-9 PubMed

Physiol Res. 2004;53(3):245-53 PubMed

Microbes Infect. 2004 Nov;6(13):1219-25 PubMed

Lancet. 2007 Mar 24;369(9566):976-8 PubMed

J Cell Biol. 1989 Dec;109(6 Pt 1):3063-71 PubMed

J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2009 Apr;48(4):507-10 PubMed

Neonatology. 2012;102(1):68-74 PubMed

Amino Acids. 2009 Mar;36(3):381-9 PubMed

Biochem J. 1995 Jul 15;309 ( Pt 2):395-401 PubMed

Multidiscip Respir Med. 2013 Sep 25;8(1):62 PubMed

Clin Cancer Res. 2008 Feb 1;14(3):764-71 PubMed

J Neurochem. 2007 Jun;101(6):1463-70 PubMed

Blood. 2003 Oct 1;102(7):2660-9 PubMed

Int Immunol. 2004 Jun;16(6):799-809 PubMed

J Immunol. 2005 May 1;174(9):5837-45 PubMed

J Clin Invest. 2004 Dec;114(11):1550-63 PubMed

Arthritis Res Ther. 2015 Aug 07;17:200 PubMed

BMJ. 2010 Jul 15;341:c3369 PubMed

J Cyst Fibros. 2010 May;9(3):193-8 PubMed

J Proteomics. 2017 Feb 5;153:21-29 PubMed

Microsc Res Tech. 2003 Apr 15;60(6):540-51 PubMed

Proteomics. 2013 Sep;13(17):2670-81 PubMed

Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1965 Jun 9;19(6):739-44 PubMed

Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2015 Jan-Feb;33(1):109-14 PubMed

J Clin Invest. 2017 Jun 1;127(6):2040-2043 PubMed

J Pediatr. 2012 Dec;161(6):1059-64 PubMed

Antioxid Redox Signal. 2011 May 1;14(9):1589-600 PubMed

Nature. 1987 Nov 5-11;330(6143):80-2 PubMed

Eur J Immunol. 1989 Jun;19(6):1053-61 PubMed

Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2008 Apr;1126:7-13 PubMed

J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2007 Apr;44(4):407-13 PubMed

Int J Cancer. 2001 Nov;94(4):586-90 PubMed

BMC Neurol. 2016 Jun 17;16:93 PubMed

Crit Care Med. 2004 Jan;32(1):131-6 PubMed

J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2013 Aug;57(2):204-10 PubMed

Acta Physiol (Oxf). 2017 Mar;219(3):573-588 PubMed

Cell Mol Immunol. 2017 Jan;14(1):43-64 PubMed

Scand J Immunol. 1988 Aug;28(2):241-5 PubMed

BMC Med. 2017 Apr 12;15(1):79 PubMed

Arthritis Res Ther. 2017 Oct 24;19(1):242 PubMed

Crit Care Med. 2002 Jun;30(6):1356-60 PubMed

Trends Biochem Sci. 1996 Apr;21(4):134-40 PubMed

Thorax. 2013 Jun;68(6):532-9 PubMed

Nature. 1987 Apr 9-15;326(6113):614-7 PubMed

Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2001 Jul;33(7):637-68 PubMed

Lupus. 2016 Jan;25(1):38-45 PubMed

Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 1989 Jun;37(6):1576-80 PubMed

J Rheumatol. 2015 May;42(5):760-70 PubMed

J Leukoc Biol. 1993 Feb;53(2):197-204 PubMed

Thorax. 2008 Apr;63(4):352-9 PubMed

J Immunol. 1986 Jul 15;137(2):512-8 PubMed

Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2001 Jun 15;284(3):698-703 PubMed

Curr Mol Med. 2013 Jan;13(1):24-57 PubMed

Genomics. 1995 Feb 10;25(3):638-43 PubMed

J Clin Invest. 2017 Jun 1;127(6):2133-2147 PubMed

J Crohns Colitis. 2011 Oct;5(5):402-6 PubMed

Biochim Biophys Acta. 2013 Jan;1833(1):101-9 PubMed

Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2012 Feb;32(2):223-9 PubMed

Brain Res Bull. 2003 Aug 15;61(3):281-5 PubMed

J Biol Chem. 2005 Oct 28;280(43):36019-28 PubMed

Cell Mol Life Sci. 2017 Aug;74(15):2749-2760 PubMed

J Immunol Res. 2015;2015:147973 PubMed

Neonatology. 2008;94(4):267-71 PubMed

Sci China Life Sci. 2016 Aug;59(8):792-801 PubMed