The last decade has seen a sharp increase in the number of scientific publications describing physiological and pathological functions of extracellular vesicles (EVs), a collective term covering various subtypes of cell-released, membranous structures, called exosomes, microvesicles, microparticles, ectosomes, oncosomes, apoptotic bodies, and many other names. However, specific issues arise when working with these entities, whose size and amount often make them difficult to obtain as relatively pure preparations, and to characterize properly. The International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) proposed Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles ("MISEV") guidelines for the field in 2014. We now update these "MISEV2014" guidelines based on evolution of the collective knowledge in the last four years. An important point to consider is that ascribing a specific function to EVs in general, or to subtypes of EVs, requires reporting of specific information beyond mere description of function in a crude, potentially contaminated, and heterogeneous preparation. For example, claims that exosomes are endowed with exquisite and specific activities remain difficult to support experimentally, given our still limited knowledge of their specific molecular machineries of biogenesis and release, as compared with other biophysically similar EVs. The MISEV2018 guidelines include tables and outlines of suggested protocols and steps to follow to document specific EV-associated functional activities. Finally, a checklist is provided with summaries of key points.

A C Camargo Cancer Center São Paulo Brazil

Aalborg University Clinical Institute Aalborg Denmark

Aalborg University Hospital Department of Clinical Biochemistry Aalborg Denmark

Aalborg University Hospital Department of Clinical Immunology Aalborg Denmark

Aarhus University Department of Clinical Medicine Aarhus Denmark

Aberystwyth University Institute of Biological Environmental and Rural Sciences Aberystwyth United Kingdom

Academic Medical Centre of the University of Amsterdam Department of Clinical Chemistry and Vesicle Observation Centre Amsterdam The Netherlands

Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases Santiago Chile

Aix Marseille Université Institut Paoli Calmettes INSERM U1068 CNRS UMR7258 Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille Marseille France

American Red Cross Scientific Affairs Gaithersburg MD USA

Amsterdam University Medical Centers Department of Pathology Amsterdam The Netherlands

Aston University School of Life and Health Sciences Birmingham UK

AstraZeneca Discovery Sciences IMED Biotech Unit Cambridge UK

AstraZeneca Discovery Sciences IMED Biotech Unit Gothenburg Sweden

Atlantic Cancer Research Institute Moncton Canada

BC Cancer Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre Vancouver Canada

Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Boston MA USA

Boston University School of Medicine Boston MA USA

Brigham and Women's Hospital Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences Boston MA USA

Brown University Women and Infants Hospital Providence RI USA

Cancer Institute of JFCR Tokyo Japan

Cancer Research Institute Ghent Ghent Belgium

Cardiff University School of Medicine Cardiff UK

Case Western Reserve University Department of Medicine Cleveland OH USA

Cedars Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles CA USA

Cedars Sinai Medical Center Smidt Heart Institute Los Angeles CA USA

Center for Psychiatry and Neuroscience INSERM U894 Paris France

Central Research Laboratories Sysmex Co Kobe Japan

Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria la Princesa Madrid Spain

Children's Hospital of Los Angeles Los Angeles CA USA

Chinese Academy of Sciences Wenzhou Institute of Biomaterials and Engineering Wenzhou China

CIC bioGUNE CIBERehd Exosomes Laboratory and Metabolomics Platform Derio Spain

Cincinnati Cancer Center Cincinnati OH USA

City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center Beckman Research Institute Department of Molecular Medicine Duarte CA USA

Clínica las Condes Extracellular Vesicles in Personalized Medicine Group Santiago Chile

CNC Coimbra Portugal

CNR Institute of Neuroscience Milan Italy

Copenhagen Lupus and Vasculitis Clinic Section 4242 Rigshospitalet Copenhagen Denmark

CSGI Research Center for Colloids and Nanoscience Florence Italy

Danube University Krems Department for Biomedical Research and Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Therapy Approaches in Sepsis Krems an der Donau Austria

Department of Pathology Erasmus MC Erasmus Optical Imaging Centre Rotterdam The Netherlands

Department of Urology Rotterdam The Netherlands

Department of Veterans Affairs San Francisco CA USA

Duke University Department of Ophthalmology Durham NC USA

Duke University Medical Center Departments of Medicine and Immunology Durham NC USA

Durham VAMC Medical Research Service Durham NC USA

École normale supérieure Paris France

Erasmus MC Rotterdam The Netherlands

ETH Zurich Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Zurich Switzerland

Eulji University School of Medicine Daejeon South Korea

Evox Therapeutics Limited Oxford UK

EVSEARCH DK Denmark

Exogenus Therapeutics Cantanhede Portugal

Exosomics Siena SpA Siena Italy

FAU Erlangen Nuremberg Transfusion and Haemostaseology Department Erlangen Germany

Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical Chemical Medicine Moscow Russia

Federal University of Paraná Department of Genetics Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory Curitiba Brazil

FEMTO ST Institute UBFC CNRS ENSMM UTBM Besançon France

Finnish Red Cross Blood Service Research and Development Helsinki Finland

Florida State University College of Medicine Department of Biomedical Sciences Tallahassee FL USA

Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors Milan Italy

Genome Institute of Singapore ASTAR Singapore

Georg Speyer Haus Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy Frankfurt Germany

George Papanicolaou Hospital Public Cord Blood Bank Department of Haematology BMT Unit Thessaloniki Greece

Georgetown University Department of Medicine Washington DC USA

German Armed Forces Central Hospital Department of General Visceral and Thoracic Surgery Koblenz Germany

German Cancer Consortium Heidelberg Germany

German Cancer Research Center Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Biology Heidelberg Germany

German Cancer Research Center Division Signaling and Functional Genomics Heidelberg Germany

German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases Bonn Germany

German Research Center for Environmental Health Institute for Virology Munich Germany

Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute Can Ruti Campus REMAR IVECAT Group Badalona Spain

Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital Nephrology Service Badalona Spain

Ghent University Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research Ghent Belgium

Ghent University Hospital Department of Urology Ghent Belgium

Graduate School of Public Health at the University of Pittsburgh Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine Pittsburgh PA USA

Guangzhou Medical University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the 5th Affiliated Hospital Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology Guangzhou China

Haaglanden Medical Center Department of Neurosurgery The Hague The Netherlands

Harvard Medical School Cardiovascular Medicine Boston MA USA

Harvard Medical School Department of Medicine Boston MA USA

Harvard University Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health Boston MA USA

Harvard University School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Cambridge MA USA

Hasselt University Biomedical Research Institute Department of Medicine and Life Sciences Hasselt Belgium

Hasselt University Biomedical Research Institute Hasselt Belgium

Helmholtz Center Munich German Research Center for Environmental Health Research Unit Gene Vectors Munich Germany

Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research Braunschweig Germany

Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland Saarbrücken Germany

Hiroshima University Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology Hiroshima Japan

Houston Methodist Research Institute Department of Nanomedicine Houston TX USA

Hudson Institute of Medical Research Melbourne Australia

Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Department of Medicine Cardiology New York City NY USA

Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York City NY USA

IIS Fundacion Jimenez Diaz UAM Department of Nephrology and Hypertension Madrid Spain

IKERBASQUE Research Science Foundation Bilbao Spain

Imperial College London London UK

INEB Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica Porto Portugal

INSERM U1063 Université d'Angers CHU d'Angers Angers France

INSERM U1068 Aix Marseille University CNRS UMR7258 Marseille France

INSERM U1110 Strasbourg France

INSERM UMR S 970 Paris Cardiovascular Research Center Paris France

Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats Barcelona Spain

Institut Curie CNRS UMR144 PSL Research University Paris France

Institut Curie INSERM U932 PSL Research University Paris France

Institut d'Investigació Germans Trias i Pujol PVREX group Badalona Spain

Institut Pasteur de Montevideo Functional Genomics Unit Montevideo Uruguay

Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology of Italy Palermo Italy

Institute of Medical Biology Singapore

Institute of Physiology CAS Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering BIOCEV Vestec Czech Republic

Institute of Physiology CAS Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Prague Czech Republic

Instituto Oswaldo Cruz Rio de Janeiro Brazil

INSTM National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology Florence Italy

Interuniversity Research Institute for Molecular Recognition and Technological Development University of Valencia Polytechnic University of Valencia Valencia Spain

IPATIMUP Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto Porto Portugal

IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Clinical Biophotonics Milan Italy

IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli Laboratory for Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine Bologna Italy

IRCCS MultiMedica Milan Italy

ISGlobal Hospital Clínic Universitat de Barcelona PVREX Group Barcelona Spain

Istanbul University Oncology Institute Basic Oncology Department Istanbul Turkey

Jagiellonian University Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology Department of Cell Biology Kraków Poland

James Cook University Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics Cairns Australia

K G Jebsen Brain Tumor Research Centre Department of Biomedicine University of Bergen Bergen Norway

Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine Manhattan KS USA

Karolinska Institute Clinical Research Center Department of Laboratory Medicine Stockholm Sweden

Karolinska Institute Clinical Research Center Unit for Molecular Cell and Gene Therapy Science Stockholm Sweden

Karolinska Institute Department of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Respiratory Medicine Unit Stockholm Sweden

Karolinska Institute Department of Medicine Solna Division for Immunology and Allergy Stockholm Sweden

Karolinska Institute Stockholm Sweden

Kidney Research Centre Ottawa Canada

KU Leuven Department of Human Genetics Leuven Belgium

Kyung Hee University Department of Applied Chemistry Yongin Korea

La Trobe University La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science Department of Biochemistry and Genetics Bundoora Australia

Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre Riga Latvia

Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology Institute of Reproductive Biology Dummerstorf Germany

Leiden University Medical Center Department of Neurosurgery Leiden The Netherlands

Loyola University Chicago Department of Urology Maywood IL USA

Lund University Department of Cardiology Lund Sweden

Maastricht University GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology Maastricht Radiation Oncology Lab Maastricht The Netherlands

Maria Sklodowska Curie Institute Oncology Center Gliwice Branch Gliwice Poland

Massachusetts General Cancer Center Boston MA USA

Massachusetts General Hospital and Neuroscience Program Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology and Radiology Boston MA USA

Massachusetts General Hospital Boston MA USA

Massachusetts General Hospital Department of Neurology Boston MA USA

Massachusetts General Hospital Department of Neurosurgery Boston MA USA

Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology Boston MA USA

Mayo Clinic College of Medicine Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering Rochester MN USA

Mayo Clinic Department of Orthopedic Surgery Rochester MN USA

Mayo Clinic Department of Transplantation Jacksonville FL USA

Mayo Clinic Department of Transplantation Medicine Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering Jacksonville FL USA

Mayo Clinic Rochester MN USA

McGill University Division of Experimental Medicine Montreal Canada

McGill University Montreal Canada

McGill University The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre Child Health and Human Development Program Montreal Canada

McGill University The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre Montreal Canada

Medical Center University of Freiburg Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg Institute for Infection Prevention and Hospital Epidemiology Freiburg Germany

Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center Department of Medicine New York City NY USA

Monash University Melbourne Australia

Mossakowski Medical Research Centre NeuroRepair Department Warsaw Poland

Mount Allison University Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Sackville Canada

MRC The Gambia Fajara The Gambia

MTA SE Immuno Proteogenomics Research Groups Budapest Hungary

Namur Thrombosis and Hemostasis Center NARILIS Namur Belgium

Nanfang Hospital Southern Medical University Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine Guangzhou China

National Cancer Center Research Institute Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine Tokyo Japan

National Cancer Center Research Institute Tokyo Japan

National Institute of Chemistry Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology Ljubljana Slovenia

National Institutes of Health National Cancer Institute Center for Cancer Research Bethesda MD USA

National Institutes of Health National Cancer Institute Center for Cancer Research Laboratory of Pathology Bethesda MD USA

National Institutes of Health National Institute on Aging Baltimore MD USA

National Institutes of Health National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders Bethesda MD USA

National Taiwan University Hospital Department of Internal Medicine Taipei Taiwan

National Tsing Hua University Department of Power Mechanical Engineering Hsinchu Taiwan

National Tsing Hua University Institute of Nanoengineering and Microsystems Hsinchu Taiwan

National University of Singapore Faculty of Dentistry Singapore

Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus OH USA

Oregon Health and Science University Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine Portland OR USA

Oslo University Hospital Department of Medical Biochemistry Blood Cell Research Group Oslo Norway

Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet Research Institute of Internal Medicine Oslo Norway

Oslo University Hospital The Norwegian Radium Hospital Institute for Cancer Research Department of Molecular Cell Biology Oslo Norway

Ospedale Santo Spirito Pescara Italy

Ottawa Hospital Research Institute Ottawa Canada

Oxford Brookes University Department of Biological and Medical Sciences Oxford UK

Paracelsus Medical University Department of Transfusion Medicine Salzburg Austria

Paracelsus Medical University GMP Unit Salzburg Austria

Philipps University Marburg Experimental Tumor Biology Marburg Germany

Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases Santiago Chile

Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Faculty of Medicine Department of Hematology Oncology Santiago Chile

POSTECH Department of Life Sciences Pohang South Korea

Princess Margaret Cancer Centre University Health Network Toronto Canada

QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute Herston Australia

Queen Mary University of London Blizard Institute Epigenetics and Cellular Senescence Group London UK

Radboud University Medical Center Department of Rheumatology Nijmegen The Netherlands

Regional Research Network on Extracellular Vesicles RRNEV Oslo Norway

René Rachou Institute FIOCRUZ Belo Horizonte Brazil

Research Service Olin E Teague Veterans' Medical Center Temple TX USA

Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology ACECR Cell Science Research Center Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology Tehran Iran

Saarland University Medical Center Department of Medicine 2 Homburg Germany

Saarland University Saarbrücken Germany

Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences Department of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology Lucknow India

Sapienza University of Rome Department of Experimental Medicine Rome Italy

Scintillon Institute La Jolla CA USA

Semmelweis University Department of Genetics Cell and Immunobiology Budapest Hungary

Semmelweis University Department of Physiology Budapest Hungary

SickKids Hospital Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine Toronto Canada

Simon Fraser University Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Burnaby Canada

Sorbonne Université Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Research Unit Biology of Adaptation and Aging Paris France

Spanish Kidney Research Network REDINREN Madrid Spain

Spanish National Cancer Research Center Molecular Oncology Programme Microenvironment and Metastasis Laboratory Madrid Spain

Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg Salzburg Austria

Statens Serum Institut Department of Autoimmunology and Biomarkers Copenhagen Denmark

Stellenbosch University Department of Physiological Sciences Stellenbosch South Africa

Technical University Eindhoven Faculty Biomedical Technology Eindhoven The Netherlands

Technical University of Munich TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology Freising Germany

Technische Universität Darmstadt Department of Biology Darmstadt Germany

Texas A and M University College of Medicine Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine College Station TX USA

TGen Neurogenomics Division Phoenix AZ USA

The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health Melbourne Australia

The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology Baltimore MD USA

The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Department of Neurology Baltimore MD USA

The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Baltimore MD USA

The Ohio State University College of Pharmacy Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Columbus OH USA

The Ohio State University Columbus OH USA

The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center Columbus OH USA

The School of Biomedical Sciences University of Western Australia Perth Australia

The Scripps Research Institute Scripps Florida Department of Molecular Medicine Jupiter FL USA

The Sociedade Beneficente Israelita Brasileira Albert Einstein São Paulo Brazil

The University of Melbourne The Department of Medicine Melbourne Australia

The University of Nottingham School of Medicine Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre Nottingham UK

The University of Queensland Brisbane Australia

The University of Sheffield Sheffield UK

The University of Vermont Medical Center Department of Medicine Burlington VT USA

The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University Department of Medicine Providence RI USA

Thomas Jefferson University Sidney Kimmel Medical School Department of Cancer Biology Philadelphia PA USA

Toronto General Hospital Research Institute University Health Network Toronto Canada

TPM of Mirandola Mirandola Italy

Trinity College Dublin School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Panoz Institute and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute Dublin Ireland

Tsinghua University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Beijing China

UMR 7365 CNRS Université de Lorraine Vandœuvre lès Nancy France

UMR CBMN CNRS Université de Bordeaux Bordeaux France

UNICAMP Institute of Biology Campinas Brazil

UNIFESP Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas Diadema Brazil

Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Departamento de Biología Molecular Madrid Spain

Universidad Autónoma de Madrid School of Medicine Department of Medicine Madrid Spain

Universidad de Buenos Aires Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales Departamento de Química Biológica Buenos Aires Argentina

Universidad de la República Faculty of Science Nuclear Research Center Analytical Biochemistry Unit Montevideo Uruguay

Universidade Federal de Paraná Paraná Brazil

Universidade Federal de São Paulo Campus Diadema Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Bioquímica de Fungos e Protozoários São Paulo Brazil

Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Instituto de Microbiologia Rio de Janeiro Brazil

Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde Departamento de Microbiologia Imunologia e Parasitologia Porto Alegre Brazil

Università degli Studi di Milano Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health EPIGET LAB Milan Italy

Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Department of Cell Biology Physiology and Immunology Barcelona Spain

Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Hospital Universitari and Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol Department of Pathology Barcelona Spain

Universitat de València Departament de Farmàcia i Tecnologia Farmacèutica i Parasitologia Àrea de Parasitologia Valencia Spain

Universitat de València Health Research Institute La Fe Joint Research Unit on Endocrinology Nutrition and Clinical Dietetics Valencia Spain

Université Bretagne Loire Oniris INRA IECM Nantes France

Université Catholique de Louvain CHU UCL Namur Hematology Hemostasis Laboratory Yvoir Belgium

Université Catholique de Louvain Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy Brussels Belgium

Université de Lille INSERM U 1192 Laboratoire Protéomique Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse PRISM Lille France

Université de Nantes INSERM UMR 1238 Bone Sarcoma and Remodeling of Calcified Tissues PhyOS Nantes France

Université de Strasbourg Strasbourg France

Université Laval Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity Quebec City Canada

Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité Paris France

Universiteit Hasselt Diepenbeek Belgium

University Clinic Eppendorf Hamburg Germany

University College London London UK

University Hospital Bonn Bonn Germany

University Hospital Essen University Duisburg Essen Institute for Transfusion Medicine Essen Germany

University Hospital Heidelberg Institute of Pathology Applied Tumor Biology Heidelberg Germany

University Hospital RWTH Aachen Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Aachen Germany

University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center Department of Medicine Cleveland OH USA

University Medical Center Göttingen Developmental Biochemistry Göttingen Germany

University Medical Center Göttingen Hematology and Oncology Göttingen Germany

University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf Department of Neurosurgery Hamburg Germany

University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf Institute of Neuropathology Hamburg Germany

University Medical Center Utrecht Department of Nephrology and Hypertension Utrecht The Netherlands

University Medical Center Utrecht Laboratory for Clinical Chemistry and Hematology Utrecht The Netherlands

University of Antwerp Centre for Proteomics Antwerp Belgium

University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand

University of Auckland Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology Auckland New Zealand

University of Auckland Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Auckland New Zealand

University of Belgrade Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy INEP Belgrade Serbia

University of Birmingham Birmingham UK

University of Birmingham Institute of Microbiology and Infection Birmingham UK

University of Brescia Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine Brescia Italy

University of Bristol Bristol UK

University of British Columbia Okanagan Kelowna Canada

University of Buenos Aires Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA Buenos Aires Argentina

University of California Davis Department of Nutrition Davis CA USA

University of California Davis Department of Otolaryngology Davis CA USA

University of California Los Angeles California NanoSystems Institute Los Angeles CA USA

University of California Los Angeles Department of Bioengineering Los Angeles CA USA

University of California Los Angeles Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Los Angeles CA USA

University of California Los Angeles Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center Los Angeles CA USA

University of California San Diego Department of Neurosurgery La Jolla CA USA

University of California San Diego Department of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences La Jolla CA USA

University of California San Diego Department of Pediatrics San Diego CA USA

University of California San Francisco CA USA

University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine Addenbrooke's Hospital Department of Medicine Cambridge NIHR BRC Cell Phenotyping Hub Cambridge UK

University of Campinas Piracicaba Dental School Department of Oral Diagnosis Piracicaba Brazil

University of Chile Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Science Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology and Nanotoxicology Santiago Chile

University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Cincinnati OH USA

University of Cologne Department of Internal Medicine 1 Cologne Germany

University of Colorado School of Medicine Department of Ophthalmology Cell Sight Ocular Stem Cell and Regeneration Program Aurora CO USA

University of Copenhagen Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research Copenhagen Denmark

University of Copenhagen Institute of Clinical Medicine Copenhagen Denmark

University of Edinburgh Institute of Immunology and Infection Research Edinburgh UK

University of Gothenburg Institute of Clinical Sciences at Sahlgrenska Academy Department of Biomaterials Gothenburg Sweden

University of Gothenburg Institute of Clinical Sciences Department of Surgery Sahlgrenska Cancer Center Gothenburg Sweden

University of Gothenburg Institute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy Krefting Research Centre Gothenburg Sweden

University of Gothenburg Sahlgrenska Academy Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research Gothenburg Sweden

University of Gothenburg The Sahlgrenska Academy Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry Mölndal Sweden

University of Helsinki EV Core Facility Helsinki Finland

University of Helsinki Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme EV group Helsinki Finland

University of Hertfordshire School of Life and Medical Sciences Biosciences Research Group Hatfield UK

University of Kentucky College of Medicine Department of Physiology Lexington KY USA

University of L'Aquila Department of Life Health and Environmental Sciences L'Aquila Italy

University of Liège GIGA R PSI Laboratory Liège Belgium

University of Ljubljana Faculty of Medicine Institute of Biochemistry Ljubljana Slovenia

University of Lyon INRA EPHE UMR754 Viral Infections and Comparative Pathology Lyon France

University of Lyon Lyon Sud Faculty of Medicine CarMeN Laboratory Pierre Bénite France

University of Mainz Institute of Developmental Biology and Neurobiology Mainz Germany

University of Malta Department of Pathology Msida Malta

University of Manchester Division of Cancer Sciences Manchester Cancer Research Centre Manchester UK

University of Manchester Manchester UK

University of Maryland Fischell Department of Bioengineering College Park MD USA

University of Massachusetts Medical School RNA Therapeutics Institute Worcester MA USA

University of Michigan Biointerfaces Institute Ann Arbor MI USA

University of Michigan Department of Biomedical Engineering Ann Arbor MI USA

University of Michigan Department of Internal Medicine Hematology Oncology Division Ann Arbor MI USA

University of Michigan Department of Medicine Ann Arbor MI USA

University of Michigan Department of Urology Ann Arbor MI USA

University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor MI USA

University of Minnesota Medical School Institute on the Biology of Aging and Metabolism Department of Biochemistry Molecular Biology and Biophysics Minneapolis MN USA

University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Division of Oncology Modena Italy

University of Nebraska Medical Center Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience Omaha NE USA

University of Notre Dame Department of Biological Sciences Notre Dame IN USA

University of Oslo Institute of Clinical Medicine Oslo Norway

University of Ottawa Ottawa Canada

University of Oulu Faculty of Medicine Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit Oulu Finland

University of Oxford Department of Physiology Anatomy and Genetics Oxford UK

University of Oxford Radcliffe Department of Medicine Acute Stroke Programme Investigative Medicine Oxford UK

University of Padova Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science Padova Italy

University of Padova Department of Women's and Children's Health Padova Italy

University of Palermo Department of Biopathology and Medical Biotechnologies Palermo Italy

University of Perugia Department of Chemistry Biology and Biotechnology Perugia Italy

University of Pisa Centro Dipartimentale di Biologia Cellulare Cardio Respiratoria Pisa Italy

University of Porto Faculty of Pharmacy IBMC I3S Porto Portugal

University of Porto Faculty of Pharmacy Porto Portugal

University of Porto i3S Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde Porto Portugal

University of Porto ICBAS Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar Porto Portugal

University of Rochester Rochester NY USA

University of São Paulo Ribeirão Preto Medical School Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine Ribeirão Preto Brazil

University of São Paulo Ribeirão Preto Medical School Ribeirão Preto Brazil

University of Science and Culture ACECR Department of Developmental Biology Tehran Iran

University of South Alabama Department of Pharmacology Center for Lung Biology Mobile AL USA

University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine Los Angeles CA USA

University of Southern California Los Angeles CA USA

University of Technology Sydney Discipline of Pharmacy Graduate School of Health Sydney Australia

University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Department of Cancer Biology Metastasis Research Center Houston TX USA

University of Torino Department of Medical Sciences Torino Italy

University of Torino Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences Torino Italy

University of Toronto Department of Anesthesia Toronto Canada

University of Toronto Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology Toronto Canada

University of Toronto Department of Medical Biophysics Toronto Canada

University of Toronto Department of Medicine Division of Neurology Toronto Canada

University of Tsukuba Tsukuba Japan

University of Virginia Flow Cytometry Core School of Medicine Charlottesville VA USA

University of Virginia Health System Department of Medicine Division of Nephrology Charlottesville VA USA

University of Würzburg Rudolf Virchow Center Würzburg Germany

Utrecht University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology Utrecht The Netherlands

Utrecht University University Medical Center Utrecht Center for Molecular Medicine and Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht The Netherlands

Utrecht University University Medical Center Utrecht Department of Neurosurgery Brain Center Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neurosciences Utrecht The Netherlands

Utrecht University University Medical Center Utrecht Department of Pathology Utrecht The Netherlands

Vanderbilt University Medical Center Epithelial Biology Center Department of Medicine Nashville TN USA

Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Department of Cell and Developmental Biology Nashville TN USA

Veterans Affairs Medical Center San Francisco CA USA

Vilnius University Institute of Biomedical Sciences Department of Physiology Biochemistry Microbiology and Laboratory Medicine Vilnius Lithuania

Vlaamse Instelling voor Technologisch Onderzoek Mol Belgium

Washington University Saint Louis MO USA

Weill Cornell Medicine Department of Medicine New York City NY USA

Weizmann Institute of Science Department of Biomolecular Sciences Rehovot Israel

West Virginia University Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering and WVU Cancer Institute Morgantown WV USA

West Virginia University Department of Microbiology Immunology and Cell Biology Morgantown WV USA

West Virginia University Morgantown WV USA

Xiamen University Department of Chemical Biology Xiamen China

Zobrazit více v PubMed

References, especially those provided to illustrate methods and approaches, are representative only, and are not meant to be a comprehensive review of the literature. Most references were derived from suggestions provided in the MISEV2018 Survey results. Each reference was checked by multiple authors. Citation implies deemed relevance of scientific content and not an endorsement by the authors or ISEV of any particular journal or editorial practice.

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