Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are extracellular matrix (ECM) chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG)-containing structures that surround the soma and dendrites of various mammalian neuronal cell types. PNNs appear during development around the time that the critical periods for developmental plasticity end and are important for both their onset and closure. A similar structure - the perinodal ECM - surrounds the axonal nodes of Ranvier and appears as myelination is completed, acting as an ion-diffusion barrier that affects axonal conduction speed. Recent work has revealed the importance of PNNs in controlling plasticity in the CNS. Digestion, blocking or removal of PNNs influences functional recovery after a variety of CNS lesions. PNNs have further been shown to be involved in the regulation of memory and have been implicated in a number of psychiatric disorders.

Centre for Reconstructive Neuroscience Institute of Experimental Medicine Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic

Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Okayama Japan

Department of Neuroscience Psychology Drug Research and Child Health University of Florence Florence Italy

Institute of Neuroscience Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Pisa Italy

John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair Department of Clinical Neurosciences University of Cambridge Cambridge UK

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