Understanding cell types and mechanisms of dental growth is essential for reconstruction and engineering of teeth. Therefore, we investigated cellular composition of growing and non-growing mouse and human teeth. As a result, we report an unappreciated cellular complexity of the continuously-growing mouse incisor, which suggests a coherent model of cell dynamics enabling unarrested growth. This model relies on spatially-restricted stem, progenitor and differentiated populations in the epithelial and mesenchymal compartments underlying the coordinated expansion of two major branches of pulpal cells and diverse epithelial subtypes. Further comparisons of human and mouse teeth yield both parallelisms and differences in tissue heterogeneity and highlight the specifics behind growing and non-growing modes. Despite being similar at a coarse level, mouse and human teeth reveal molecular differences and species-specific cell subtypes suggesting possible evolutionary divergence. Overall, here we provide an atlas of human and mouse teeth with a focus on growth and differentiation.

Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille Luminy Aix Marseille Université INSERM CNRS UMR Marseille France

Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology Faculty of Dentistry Oral and Craniofacial Sciences King's College London London UK

Clinic of Stomatology Institution Shared with St Anne's Faculty Hospital Faculty of Medicine Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic

Department of Biomedical Informatics Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA

Department of Craniofacial Sciences School of Dental Medicine University of Connecticut Health Center Farmington CT USA

Department of Evolutionary Biology University of Vienna Vienna Austria

Department of Histology and Embryology Faculty of Medicine Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic

Department of Molecular Neuroscience Center for Brain Research Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria

Department of Neuroimmunology Center for Brain Research Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria

Department of Neuroscience Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden

Department of Oral Biology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria

Department of Oral Surgery Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria

Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Human Genetics University of California San Francisco CA USA

Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden

Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics CAS Brno Czech Republic

Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences University of California San Francisco CA USA

Research Program in Developmental Biology Institute of Biotechnology University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland

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