Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major health problem because of its high prevalence, associated complications and high treatment costs. Several aspects of CKD differ significantly in the Eastern European nephrology community compared with Western Europe because of different geographic, socio-economic, infrastructure, cultural and educational features. The two most frequent aetiologies of CKD, DM and hypertension, and many other predisposing factors, are more frequent in the Eastern region, resulting in more prevalent CKD Stages 3-5. Interventions may minimize the potential drawbacks of the high prevalence of CKD in Eastern Europe, which include several options at various stages of the disease, such as raising public, medical personnel and healthcare authorities awareness; early detection by screening high-risk populations; preventing progression and CKD-related complications by training health professionals and patients; promoting transplantation or home dialysis as the preferred modality; disseminating and implementing guidelines and guided therapy and encouraging/supporting country-specific observational research as well as international collaborative projects. Specific ways to significantly impact CKD-related problems in every region of Europe through education, science and networking are collaboration with non-nephrology European societies who have a common interest in CKD and its associated complications, representation through an advisory role within nephrology via national nephrology societies, contributing to the training of local nephrologists and stimulating patient-oriented research. The latter is mandatory to identify country-specific kidney disease-related priorities. Active involvement of patients in this research via collaboration with the European Kidney Patient Federation or national patient federations is imperative to ensure that projects reflect specific patient needs.

Department of Health Medicine and Caring Sciences Linköping University Faculty of Medicine Linköping Sweden

Department of Medicine 3rd Faculty of Medicine Charles University and Faculty Hospital Kralovske Vinohrady Prague Czech Republic

Department of Nephrology General University Hospital Charles University Prague 12808 Czech Republic

Department of Nephrology Istanbul School of Medicine Istanbul University Istanbul Turkey

Department of Nephrology Patras University Hospital Rio 265 04 Patras Greece

Department of Nephrology Transplantation and Internal Medicine Medical University of Silesia Katowice Poland

Department of Nephrology University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht The Netherlands

Department of Nephrology University of Tirana Tirana Albania

Department of Nephrology University Sts Cyril and Methodius Vodnjanska 17 Skopje MK Republic of Macedonia

Department of Nephrology Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus Barcelona Spain

Department of Renal Medicine Karolinska University Hospital CLINTEC KI Stockholm SE 141 86 Sweden

Division of Nephrology Ambroise Paré University Hospital APHP University of Paris Ouest Versailles St Quentin en Yvelines av G De Gaulles Boulogne Billancourt Paris x FR 92100; Inserm U1018 CESP Team 5 Epidemiology of Renal and Cardiovascular Disease Villejuif France

Division of Nephrology University Hospital Würzburg Oberdürrbacherstr 6 Würzburg 97080 Germany

ERA EDTA Registry Department of Medical Informatics Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute Amsterdam Noord Holland The Netherlands

European Kidney Health Alliance Brussels Belgium

Helsinki University Central Hospital Division of Nephrology Helsinki 00029 Finland

IFC Sezione di Reggio Calabria CNR Clinical Epidemiology of Renal Diseases and Hypertension Reggio Calabria Calabria Italy

Nephrology Department Faculty of Medicine Lithuanian University of Health Sciences Kaunas Lithuania

Nephrology Section Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics University Hospital Ghent Gent Belgium

Nephrology Unit City Clinical Hospital n a s P Botkin 2 nd Botkinsky proezd 5 Moscow Russia

Pediatric Nephrology Unit Bordeaux University Hospital Bordeaux France

Society of Nephrology of Bosnia and Herzegovina Clinic for Hemodialysis Sarajevo Clinical Center University of Sarajevo BA Bosnia Herzegovina

The Glasgow Renal and Transplant Unit Queen Elizabeth University Hospital Glasgow G51 4TF UK

University of Bordeaux INSERM U1219 Bordeaux France

University of Milan Health Sciences via di rudinì 8 Milano Lombardia IT 20122 Italy

UVSQ University Paris Saclay University Paris Sud Inserm Clinical Epidemiology Team CESP Villejuif France

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Inequities in kidney health and kidney care