Honey consumption is attributed to potentially advantageous effects on human health due to its antioxidant capacity as well as anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity, which are mainly related to phenolic compound content. Phenolic compounds are secondary metabolites of plants, and their content in honey is primarily affected by the botanical and geographical origin. In this study, a high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) method was applied to determine the phenolic profile of various honey matrices and investigate authenticity markers. A fruitful sample set was collected, including honey from 10 different botanical sources (n = 51) originating from Greece and Poland. Generic liquid-liquid extraction using ethyl acetate as the extractant was used to apply targeted and non-targeted workflows simultaneously. The method was fully validated according to the Eurachem guidelines, and it demonstrated high accuracy, precision, and sensitivity resulting in the detection of 11 target analytes in the samples. Suspect screening identified 16 bioactive compounds in at least one sample, with abscisic acid isomers being the most abundant in arbutus honey. Importantly, 10 markers related to honey geographical origin were revealed through non-targeted screening and the application of advanced chemometric tools. In conclusion, authenticity markers and discrimination patterns were emerged using targeted and non-targeted workflows, indicating the impact of this study on food authenticity and metabolomic fields.

Analytical Chemistry Laboratory Chemistry Department National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Panepistimiopolis Zographou 15771 Athens Greece

Chemistry Laboratory Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition Agricultural University of Athens 75 Iera Odos 11855 Athens Greece

Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology University of Chemistry and Technology Prague Technická 5 Prague 6 Dejvice 16628 Prague Czech Republic

Department of Food Product Quality Cracow University of Economics ul Sienkiewicza 5 30033 Krakow Poland

Food Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Panepistimiopolis Zographou 15771 Athens Greece

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