Animal behaviour is remarkably sensitive to disruption by chemical pollution, with widespread implications for ecological and evolutionary processes in contaminated wildlife populations. However, conventional approaches applied to study the impacts of chemical pollutants on wildlife behaviour seldom address the complexity of natural environments in which contamination occurs. The aim of this review is to guide the rapidly developing field of behavioural ecotoxicology towards increased environmental realism, ecological complexity, and mechanistic understanding. We identify research areas in ecology that to date have been largely overlooked within behavioural ecotoxicology but which promise to yield valuable insights, including within- and among-individual variation, social networks and collective behaviour, and multi-stressor interactions. Further, we feature methodological and technological innovations that enable the collection of data on pollutant-induced behavioural changes at an unprecedented resolution and scale in the laboratory and the field. In an era of rapid environmental change, there is an urgent need to advance our understanding of the real-world impacts of chemical pollution on wildlife behaviour. This review therefore provides a roadmap of the major outstanding questions in behavioural ecotoxicology and highlights the need for increased cross-talk with other disciplines in order to find the answers.

Biosciences College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Stocker Road Exeter Devon EX4 4QD U K

Centre for Evolutionary Biology School of Biological Sciences University of Western Australia 35 Stirling Highway Perth WA 6009 Australia

Department of Chemistry Umeå University Linnaeus väg 10 Umeå Västerbotten SE 907 36 Sweden

Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences Tuscia University Via S M in Gradi n 4 Viterbo Lazio 01100 Italy

Department of Environmental Science and Policy University of California 350 E Quad Davis California CA 95616 U S A

Department of Environmental Science Baylor University One Bear Place Waco Texas 76798 7266 U S A

Department of Wildlife Fish and Environmental Studies Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Skogsmarksgränd 17 Umeå Västerbotten SE 907 36 Sweden

Environment Protection Authority Victoria EPA Science 2 Terrace Way Macleod Victoria 3085 Australia

Evolution and Ecology Research Centre School of Biological Earth and Environmental Sciences University of New South Wales Biological Sciences West Sydney NSW 2052 Australia

Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice Zátiší 728 2 Vodnany 389 25 Czech Republic

Institute of Marine Sciences University of Portsmouth Winston Churchill Avenue Portsmouth Hampshire PO1 2UP U K

School of Biological Sciences Monash University 25 Rainforest Walk Melbourne Victoria 3800 Australia

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Slow-Release Pharmaceutical Implants in Ecotoxicology: Validating Functionality across Exposure Scenarios

Psychoactive pollutant alters movement dynamics of fish in a natural lake system

Pharmaceutical Pollution Alters the Structure of Freshwater Communities and Hinders Their Recovery from a Fish Predator

Editorial of Special Issue "Current Trends in Chemistry Towards Biology"