INTRODUCTION: The use of signal dogs for cancer detection is not yet routinely performed,but dogs and their powerful olfactory system have proven to be a unique and valuable tool for many lineages and are beginning to be incorporated into medical practice. This method has great advantages; the dog can detect a tumour in the human body already in preclinical stages, when the patient has no symptoms yet. The identification of cancer biomarkers to enable early diagnosis is a need for many types of cancer, whose prognosis is strongly dependent on the stage of the disease. However, this method also has its various pitfalls that must be taken into account. AIM: The aim of the study was to identify and highlight the factors that affect the level of detection accuracy, but also the conditions associated with olfactometric diagnosis. METHODS: The study included 48 dogs and 48 handlers, that were part of the training between 2016 and 2023.All those who started olfactometry training and remained in training for at least one year were included in the study. The dogs ranged in age from 8 months to 12 years and were of different races and sexes. After long-term observation, a qualitative analysis was performed and factors that may play a role in the early detection of the disease were listed. RESULTS: The results of the search for the different factors have been compiled into two groups, focussing on the actual handling of the patient biological sample from collection, processing, storage until transport, preparation of the sample,and detection. Focus on the actual work and behaviour of the dog and handler. CONCLUSION: There are many factors; however, it is worth addressing them because the canine sense of smell is one of the possible uses as a diagnostic method.

• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

AIM: This study aimed to identify sleep profiles in a representative sample of Slovak adolescents and investigate their associations with adiposity indicators and cardiorespiratory fitness. METHODS: Data from the 2022 Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study conducted in Slovakia were analysed. Survey questions on sleep duration and problems from the entire HBSC sample (n = 8906) were used to identify sleep profiles. Associations with adiposity indicators and cardiorespiratory fitness were investigated in a subsample of 924 adolescents (average age 13.3 ± 1.48; 56.2% boys) who completed the HBSC survey, bioimpedance analysis, and 20-metre shuttle run test. RESULTS: Three sleep profiles were identified-optimal sleepers, optimal sleepers with sporadic sleep problems and poor sleepers. Crude models showed that poor sleepers had significantly higher body fat percentage and fat mass index, along with lower cardiorespiratory fitness, compared to optimal sleepers. After adjustment, only the association between sleep profiles and cardiorespiratory fitness remained significant. CONCLUSION: The observed associations between sleep profiles and cardiorespiratory fitness may help better target future intervention resources towards adolescents with low cardiorespiratory fitness levels.

• MeSH
• Adiposity * MeSH
• Child MeSH
• Cardiorespiratory Fitness * physiology   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Cross-Sectional Studies MeSH
• Sleep * physiology   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Child MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Geographicals
• Slovakia MeSH

BACKGROUND: Psychotherapy outcomes are typically measured in terms of symptom relief. However, this method might overlook important changes from clients' perspectives when they are asked to report on them. A more client-centred approach might bring a deeper understanding of psychotherapy outcomes. We aimed to evaluate the outcomes identified by clients within qualitative psychotherapy research. METHODS: The PsycArticles, PsycInfo, and MEDLINE Complete databases were searched for English language studies published until Nov 11, 2023. Additional studies were identified through references in the primary studies and previous meta-analyses or systematic reviews. Search terms were related to psychotherapy and counselling, clients' or patients' experiences, psychotherapy outcomes and changes, post-treatment perspectives, and types of qualitative methods. Qualitative studies on client-identified outcomes of individual psychotherapy were included. Findings related to clients' perceptions of psychotherapy outcomes were extracted (by ML and checked by TR and LT) and analysed (by all authors) using the descriptive-interpretative meta-analytic approach. All authors have personally experienced psychotherapy as clients. This study was pre-registered with PROSPERO (CRD42021277330). FINDINGS: We included 177 studies in the qualitative meta-analysis, from 24 countries, including descriptions from 2908 clients. Most of the studies were of good quality; they covered a wide range of therapeutic approaches and diagnoses. The descriptions of psychotherapy outcomes were classified into 60 meta-categories and grouped into ten clusters. These clusters related to clients' relational and social functioning; their emotional functioning; self-awareness, self-understanding, and more adaptive cognitive processing; behavioural functioning; developing their own resources; clients' attitudes towards themselves; generally embracing life; symptom and problem change; and more general wellbeing. The tenth cluster was outcomes that could not be clearly attributed to psychotherapy, which was considered outside the scope of this study. INTERPRETATION: The meta-analysis showed that clients value outcome dimensions beyond symptom reduction, such as deeper self-understanding, enhanced self-agency, and greater social engagement. By examining psychotherapy outcomes across various diagnoses and therapeutic approaches, we highlight limitations in traditional outcome measures, showing the need for more comprehensive, client-centred assessment tools and the value of incorporating qualitative methods into understanding dimensions of change. FUNDING: European Union.

• MeSH
• Mental Disorders therapy   psychology   MeSH
• Qualitative Research MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Psychotherapy * methods   MeSH
• Treatment Outcome MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Meta-Analysis MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

The aim of the present study was to examine gender and age-specific effects on subjective daytime sleepiness (as measured by the Epworth Sleepiness Scale), body weight and eating behaviour in patients with central disorders of hypersomnolence. Based on the European Narcolepsy Network database, we compared 1035 patients with narcolepsy type I and 505 patients with other central disorders of hypersomnolence ("narcoleptic borderland"), including narcolepsy type II (N = 308) and idiopathic hypersomnia (N = 174), using logistic regression and general linear models. In the entire study population, the Epworth Sleepiness Scale was higher in women (N = 735, mean age = 30 years, mean Epworth Sleepiness Scale = 16.6 ± SD 3.9) than in men (N = 805, mean age = 32 years, mean Epworth Sleepiness Scale = 15.8 ± SD 4.4). In women with narcolepsy type I (N = 475), both Epworth Sleepiness Scale and body mass index increased in parallel with age. In women of the narcoleptic borderland (N = 260), the Epworth Sleepiness Scale markedly peaked in their early 30s, while body mass index only started to rise at that age. This rise in body mass index following the Epworth Sleepiness Scale peak cannot be explained by sleepiness-induced uncontrolled eating, as self-reported uncontrolled eating was negatively associated with the Epworth Sleepiness Scale in this group. We propose that the narcoleptic borderland harbours a unique cluster of women in their fertile years with an unexplored aetiology requiring further investigation towards tailored interventions.

• MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Body Mass Index * MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Narcolepsy * physiopathology   MeSH
• Disorders of Excessive Somnolence * physiopathology   epidemiology   MeSH
• Sex Factors MeSH
• Feeding Behavior MeSH
• Body Weight MeSH
• Age Factors MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

BACKGROUND: The actions required to achieve higher-quality and harmonised global surveillance of child and adolescent movement behaviours (physical activity, sedentary behaviour including screen time, sleep) are unclear. OBJECTIVE: To identify how to improve surveillance of movement behaviours, from the perspective of experts. METHODS: This Delphi Study involved 62 experts from the SUNRISE International Study of Movement Behaviours in the Early Years and Active Healthy Kids Global Alliance (AHKGA). Two survey rounds were used, with items categorised under: (1) funding, (2) capacity building, (3) methods, and (4) other issues (e.g., policymaker awareness of relevant WHO Guidelines and Strategies). Expert participants ranked 40 items on a five-point Likert scale from 'extremely' to 'not at all' important. Consensus was defined as > 70% rating of 'extremely' or 'very' important. RESULTS: We received 62 responses to round 1 of the survey and 59 to round 2. There was consensus for most items. The two highest rated round 2 items in each category were the following; for funding (1) it was greater funding for surveillance and public funding of surveillance; for capacity building (2) it was increased human capacity for surveillance (e.g. knowledge, skills) and regional or global partnerships to support national surveillance; for methods (3) it was standard protocols for surveillance measures and improved measurement method for screen time; and for other issues (4) it was greater awareness of physical activity guidelines and strategies from WHO and greater awareness of the importance of surveillance for NCD prevention. We generally found no significant differences in priorities between low-middle-income (n = 29) and high-income countries (n = 30) or between SUNRISE (n = 20), AHKGA (n = 26) or both (n = 13) initiatives. There was a lack of agreement on using private funding for surveillance or surveillance research. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides a prioritised and international consensus list of actions required to improve surveillance of movement behaviours in children and adolescents globally.

• MeSH
• Capacity Building MeSH
• Screen Time * MeSH
• Global Health MeSH
• Exercise * MeSH
• Delphi Technique * MeSH
• Child MeSH
• Consensus MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Sedentary Behavior * MeSH
• Sleep MeSH
• Check Tag
• Child MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

Východiska.| Výzkum rizikového chování a duševního zdraví žáků druhého stupně základních škol a středních škol v Praze se od roku 2016 zaměřuje na identifikaci trendů v oblasti rizikového chování, užívání návykových látek, užívání digitálních technologií, duševních potíží apod. Cíle. Cílem tohoto šetření bylo zjistit aktuální stav a vývoj rizikového chování adolescentů včetně negativních dopadů nadměrného a rizikového užívání digitálních technologií. Centrum sociálních služeb Praha realizuje tento výzkum s cílem poskytnout relevantní data pro prevenci a podporu duševního zdraví žáků na školách. Metody. Data byla shromažďována pomocí anonymního dotazníkového šetření mezi žáky pražských škol. V rámci dotazníku byly využity Škála excesivního užívání internetu (EIU) a Test herní poruchy (GDT). Výzkumný soubor byl vážen, aby odpovídal aktuálnímu rozložení věku a pohlaví vybrané populace žáků v Praze. Soubor | V roce 2023 šetření zahrnovalo 10 097 žáků základních a středních škol a víceletých gymnázií (věk 11–21 let). Výsledky. Závěry analýzy dat ukázaly, že pokračuje trend zvyšujícího se počtu dětí, které ve svém životě zažívají problémy v důsledku nadměrného a problémového užívání digitálních technologií, a to z důvodů sledování internetového obsahu, aktivity na sociálních sítích i hraní digitálních her. Diskuze a závěry. Interpretace dat podtrhuje nutnost pokračovat v preventivních opatřeních zaměřených na podporu digitálního wellbeingu a duševního zdraví i na rozvoj kompetencí pro práci s technologiemi bezpečným způsobem. Zvýšená pozornost by měla být věnována včasné identifikaci závislostního chování na technologiích, předcházení tomuto chování i rozvoji dovedností k poskytování včasné podpory u osob, které s dětmi přicházejí do pravidelného styku (učitelé, vedoucí volnočasových aktivit, lékaři).

Background. Since 2016, research on risk behaviour and mental health among lower and upper secondary school students in Prague has focused on identifying trends in areas such as risk-taking behaviours, substance use, digital technology use, and mental health difficulties. Aims. The aim of this survey was to determine the current status and development of risky behaviour among adolescents, including the negative effects of excessive and risky use of digital technologies. The Centre for Social Services Prague conducts this research with the aim of providing relevant data for the prevention and support of mental health among students in schools. Methods. Data was collected using an anonymous questionnaire survey among students in Prague schools. The questionnaire used the Excessive Internet Use Scale (EIU) and the Gaming Disorder Test (GDT). The research sample was weighted to correspond to the current age and gender distribution of the selected population of students in Prague. Sample | In 2023, the survey included 10,097 pupils from lower and upper secondary schools (aged 11–21). Results. The conclusions of the data analysis showed that there is a continuing trend of an increasing number of children experiencing problems in their lives as a result of excessive and problematic use of digital technologies, due to viewing internet content, activity on social networks, and playing digital games. Discussion and conclusions. The interpretation of the data underscores the need to continue prevention aimed at promoting digital wellbeing and mental health, as well as developing skills for working with technology in a safe manner. Increased attention should be paid to the early identification of addictive behaviour toward technology, the prevention of such behaviour, and the development of skills to provide timely support to people who come into regular contact with children (teachers, leisure activity leaders, medial practitioners).

Východiska. Tato studie se zabývá vztahem mezi výchovou a prosociálním chováním v dospívání. Cíle.| Hlavním cílem studie bylo prozkoumat vztah výchovných přístupů (pozitivní zájem, hostilita, direktivita, autonomie a nedůslednost) a konkrétního prosociálního chování (emocionální, veřejné, krizové, vyžádané, altruistické a anonymní). Zajímal nás také vztah povolání rodičů a prosociálního chování adolescenta. Metod. Jako výzkumné metody jsme využili dotazník rodičovského chování a postojů pro adolescenty (ADOR) (Matějček & Říčan, 1983) a Revidovaný dotazník prosociálních tendencí (PTM-R) (Babinčák, 2011). Pro vyhodnocení jsme použili statistické testy jako Spearmanův korelační koeficient, ANOVA a Kruskalův-Wallisův H test. Výběrový soubor. Výzkumný vzorek tvořili žáci zvoleného čtyřletého gymnázia v Moravskoslezském kraji. Výsledky. Výsledky ukázaly souvislost mezi výchovným postojem otce a všemi druhy prosociálního chování, což se u matky neprojevilo v případech nedůslednosti a direktivity. Závěry. Vztah rodičovského modelu a prosociality se ukázal jako zásadní u otce pro krizovou prosociálnost a u matky pro emocionální a vyžádanou prosociálnost. V závěru článku diskutujeme naše zjištění v kontextu rizikového chování v období dospívání

Background. This research study deals with the relationship between parenting and prosocial behaviour in adolescence. Aims. The main goal of the study was to explore the relationship between parenting approaches (positive interest, hostility, directivity, autonomy, and inconsistency) and particular prosocial behaviours (emotional, public, dire, compliant, altruistic, and anonymous). We were also interested in the connection between the parents’ occupation and the prosocial behaviour of an adolescent. Methods. The Questionnaire of Parental Behaviour and Attitudes for Adolescents (ADOR) (Matějček & Říčan, 1983) and the Prosocial Tendencies Measure–Revised (PTM-R) (Babinčák, 2011) were used for our study. For the evaluation we used statistical tests such as the Spearman correlation coefficient, ANOVA, and the Kruskal- Wallis H test. Sample. The study sample included selected four-year grammar school pupils in the Moravian-Silesian Region. Results. The results showed a relationship between the father’s parenting attitude and all kinds of prosocial behaviour, which was not the case with the mother in cases of inconsistency and directiveness. Discussion and conclusions. The meaning of the parental model proved essential in the father for dire prosociality, and in the mother for emotional and compliant prosociality. In the conclusion of the article, we discuss our findings in the context of risk behaviour during adolescence.

Článek se zabývá definicí a kategorizací digitálních her. Nejprve analyzuje dosavadní dostupné definice a upozorňuje na jejich úskalí v přesnosti a následné použitelnosti pro vymezení pojmu digitální hra. V návaznosti na tuto analýzu si klade za cíl poskytnout přesnější a komplexnější definici digitálních her založenou na kompilaci předešlých teoretických tezí. Dále se článek věnuje problematice kategorizace digitálních her, upozorňuje na nejednoznačnost označování herních žánrů, která může vést k zavádějícím označením a neshodám v herní komunitě i mezi odborníky. Digitální hry často kombinují prvky několika žánrů, což činí jejich tradiční zařazení obtížným. V reakci na tuto situaci přináší článek návrh alternativní kategorizace se zaměřením na primární herní smyčku, díky čemuž reflektuje současné trendy v herním průmyslu a umožňuje flexibilnější rozdělení her podle jejich dominantních mechanismů. Základní kategorizaci pak doplňuje žánrovými kombinacemi, specifickými doplňkovými žánry, otevřeností herního světa, sociálními aspekty, platebními modely a perspektivami pohledu. Článek reaguje na aktuální společenskou a odbornou potřebu zpřehlednění terminologie v oblasti digitálních her, což je nezbytné nejen pro vědecké bádání, ale i pro preventivní intervence a efektivní pedagogickou praxi. Systematické vymezení pojmů a žánrových kategorií přispívá k lepší orientaci odborníků napříč různými oblastmi, umožňuje přesnější diagnostiku fenoménu nadměrného hraní a zvyšuje srozumitelnost komunikace mezi výzkumníky, terapeuty, odborníky v praxi a jejich klienty. Článek tak nabízí důležitý nástroj pro mezioborové porozumění a efektivní aplikaci poznatků v praxi. Závěrem studie zdůrazňuje nutnost průběžné revize definic i způsobů kategorizace digitálních her s ohledem na jejich nepřetržitý vývoj. Digitální hry se neustále proměňují a rozšiřují o nové prvky, a proto je důležité, aby i teoretické rámce reflektovaly tyto změny a umožňovaly přesnější uchopení tohoto dynamického fenoménu.

The article focuses on the definition and categorization of digital games. It first analyzes existing definitions and highlights their shortcomings in terms of accuracy and applicability for defining the concept of a digital game. Following this analysis, the paper aims to provide a more precise and comprehensive definition of digital games, based on a synthesis of previous theoretical approaches. The article further examines the challenges of categorizing digital games, emphasizing the ambiguity in labeling game genres, which can lead to misleading classifications and disagreements within both the gaming community and experts. Digital games frequently combine elements from multiple genres, making their traditional classification difficult. In response to this issue, the article proposes an alternative categorization approach centred on the primary gameplay loop, reflecting current trends in the gaming industry and enabling a more flexible classification of games based on their dominant mechanics. This core categorization is complemented by genre combinations, specific sub-genres, game world openness, social aspects, monetization models, and perspectives of gameplay. The article responds to the current social and professional need to clarify terminology in the field of digital games, which is essential not only for scientific research but also for preventive interventions and effective pedagogical practice. The systematic definition of terms and genre categories contributes to better orientation for experts across different fields, enables more accurate diagnosis of the phenomenon of excessive gaming, and increases the clarity of communication between researchers, therapists, practitioners, and their clients. The article thus offers an important tool for interdisciplinary understanding and the effective application of knowledge in practice. Finally, the article emphasizes the necessity of continuously revising the definitions and classification methods of digital games in light of their ongoing evolution. As digital games constantly change and incorporate new elements, it is crucial that theoretical frameworks adapt to these transformations, ensuring a more accurate understanding of this dynamic phenomenon.

The formation of memories is a complex, multi-scale phenomenon, especially when it involves integration of information from various brain systems. We have investigated the differences between a novel and consolidated association of spatial cues and amphetamine administration, using an in situ hybridisation method to track the short-term dynamics during the recall testing. We have found that remote recall group involves smaller, but more consolidated groups of neurons, which is consistent with their specialisation. By employing machine learning analysis, we have shown this pattern is especially pronounced in the VTA; furthermore, we also uncovered significant activity patterns in retrosplenial and prefrontal cortices, as well as in the DG and CA3 subfields of the hippocampus. The behavioural propensity towards the associated localisation appears to be driven by the nucleus accumbens, however, further modulated by a trio of the amygdala, VTA and hippocampus, as the trained association is confronted with test experience. Moreover, chemogenetic analysis revealed central amygdala as critical for linking appetitive emotional states with spatial contexts. These results show that memory mechanisms must be modelled considering individual differences in motivation, as well as covering dynamics of the process.

• MeSH
• Amphetamine pharmacology   MeSH
• Amygdala physiology   MeSH
• Hippocampus * physiology   MeSH
• Memory Consolidation * physiology   MeSH
• Rats MeSH
• Brain physiology   MeSH
• Neurons physiology   metabolism   MeSH
• Nucleus Accumbens * physiology   MeSH
• Reward * MeSH
• Memory physiology   MeSH
• Cues MeSH
• Prefrontal Cortex physiology   MeSH
• Mental Recall * physiology   MeSH
• Machine Learning MeSH
• Ventral Tegmental Area * physiology   MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Rats MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

AIM: To examine the organisational (i.e., perceived organisational support and psychologically safe environment) and individual (i.e., value, belief and norm) antecedents that strengthen healthcare workers' speaking-up behaviour in a developing economy. DESIGN: The study uses a cross-sectional design to gather the same data from healthcare workers within the Ashanti Region of Ghana. METHODS: The data collection happened between 15 June and 30 August 2023. A sample of 380 healthcare workers was selected from 20 facilities in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. A configurational approach, a fussy-set qualitative comparative analysis, was used to identify the configurations that caused high and low speaking-up behaviour among the study sample. RESULTS: The study results reveal that whereas four configurations generate high speaking-up behaviour, three configurations, by contrast, produce low speaking-up behaviour among healthcare workers. CONCLUSION: Results suggest that in so far as organisational support systems which take the form of a psychologically safe environment and perceived organisational support are vital in relaxing the hierarchical boundaries in a healthcare setting to improve healthcare workers' speaking-up behaviour, the individual value-based factors that take the form of values, beliefs and norms are indispensable as it provides the healthcare workers with the necessary inner drive to regard speaking-up behaviour on patient safety and care as a moral duty. IMPACT: Healthcare workers' speaking-up behaviour is better achieved when organisational support systems complement the individual norms, values and beliefs of the individual. REPORTING METHOD: Adhered to Strengthening Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guidelines. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: No patient or public contribution.

• MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Organizational Culture * MeSH
• Attitude of Health Personnel * MeSH
• Cross-Sectional Studies MeSH
• Health Personnel * psychology   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Geographicals
• Ghana MeSH