In a minority of flowering plants, separate sexes are genetically determined by sex chromosomes. The Y chromosome has a non-recombining region that degenerates, causing a reduced expression of Y genes. In some species, the lower Y expression is accompanied by dosage compensation (DC), a mechanism that re-equalizes male and female expression and/or brings XY male expression back to its ancestral level. Here, we review work on DC in plants, which started as early as the late 1960s with cytological approaches. The use of transcriptomics fired a controversy as to whether DC existed in plants. Further work revealed that various plants exhibit partial DC, including a few species with young and homomorphic sex chromosomes. We are starting to understand the mechanisms responsible for DC in some plants, but in most species, we lack the data to differentiate between global and gene-by-gene DC. Also, it is unknown why some species evolve many dosage compensated genes while others do not. Finally, the forces that drive DC evolution remain mysterious, both in plants and animals. We review the multiple evolutionary theories that have been proposed to explain DC patterns in eukaryotes with XY or ZW sex chromosomes. This article is part of the theme issue 'Sex determination and sex chromosome evolution in land plants'.

BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics Biodiversity and Land Planning CIBIO Campus de Vairão 4485 661 Vairão Portugal

CEFE University of Montpellier CNRS EPHE IRD Montpellier France

CIBIO Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos InBIO Laboratório Associado Campus de Vairão Universidade do Porto 4485 661 Vairão Portugal

Departamento de Biologia Faculdade de Ciências Universidade do Porto 4099 002 Porto Portugal

Department of Plant Developmental Genetics Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences Kralovopolska 135 Brno Czech Republic

Laboratoire 'Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive' CNRS Université Lyon 1 Lyon France

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Sexy ways: approaches to studying plant sex chromosomes

Non-canonical bases differentially represented in the sex chromosomes of the dioecious plant Silene latifolia

Telomeres and Their Neighbors

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