Flagellin perception is a keystone of pattern-triggered immunity in plants. The recognition of this protein by a plasma membrane (PM) receptor complex is the beginning of a signaling cascade that includes protein phosphorylation and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In both Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seedlings and suspension cells, we found that treatment with flg22, a peptide corresponding to the most conserved domain of bacterial flagellin, caused a rapid and transient decrease in the level of phosphatidylinositol (PI) 4,5-bisphosphate along with a parallel increase in phosphatidic acid (PA). In suspension cells, inhibitors of either phosphoinositide-dependent phospholipases C (PLC) or diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs) inhibited flg22-triggered PA production and the oxidative burst. In response to flg22, receptor-like kinase-deficient fls2, bak1, and bik1 mutants (FLAGELLIN SENSITIVE 2, BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1-associated kinase 1, and BOTRYTIS-INDUCED KINASE 1, respectively) produced less PA than wild-type (WT) plants, whereas this response did not differ in NADPH oxidase-deficient rbohD (RESPIRATORY BURST OXIDASE HOMOLOG D) plants. Among the DGK-deficient lines tested, the dgk5.1 mutant produced less PA and less ROS after flg22 treatment compared with WT seedlings. In response to flg22, dgk5.1 plants showed lower callose accumulation and impaired resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 hrcC-. Transcriptomics revealed that the basal expression of defense-related genes was altered in dgk5.1 seedlings compared with the WT. A GFP-DGK5 fusion protein localized to the PM, where RBOHD and PLC2 (proteins involved in plant immunity) are also located. The role of DGK5 and its enzymatic activity in flagellin signaling and fine-tuning of early immune responses in plant-microbe interactions is discussed.

CNRS Enzyme and Cell Engineering Laboratory Université de Technologie de Compiègne Rue du Docteur Schweitzer 60203 Compiègne France

Department of Experimental Plant Biology Charles University Viničná 5 Prague 12844 Czech Republic

Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences Rozvojová 263 16502 Prague Czech Republic

Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay IPS2 CNRS INRA Université Paris Sud Université Evry Université Paris Saclay Bâtiment 630 91405 Orsay France

Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay IPS2 Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris Cité Bâtiment 630 91405 Orsay France

Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire des Plantes Sorbonne Université F 75005 Paris France

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Exploring lipid-protein interactions in plant membranes

Comprehensive analysis of glycerolipid dynamics during tobacco pollen germination and pollen tube growth