Although stress is an everyday fact of life, it can lead to poor health outcomes, particularly when intense or prolonged. However, humans have unique cognitive abilities and thus may be able to combat stress by engaging critical psychological defence mechanisms. In this review, we discuss the field of mind-body medicine, which focuses on improving our understanding of the mechanisms underlying this response and developing interventions that might be used to limit the effects of chronic stress. We review the findings of past and current research in this field that has focused on the impact of psychological, emotional, and behavioural factors, including love, social connectedness, and happiness on human health and the amelioration of pain as well as other signs and symptoms of disease. While these studies have not yet led to confirmed, quantifiable conclusions, the overall weight of evidence suggests that happiness (defined as a personal sense of well-being) may be directly associated with improved health parameters and reductions in debilitating symptoms. Collectively, these findings suggest that interventions designed to promote stress mitigation, notably those that encourage social activity, may lead to significant improvements in human health.

1st Faculty of Medicine Department of Psychiatry of the 1st Faculty of Medicine and General Teaching Hospital Charles University Prague Prague Czech Republic

Institute for Integrative Health Care and Health Promotion Witten Herdecke University Witten Germany

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The Anatomical and Evolutionary Impact of Pain, Pleasure, Motivation, and Cognition: Integrating Energy Metabolism and the Mind-Body BERN (Behavior, Exercise, Relaxation, and Nutrition) Framework