Biofilm-associated bacterial infections represent one of the major threats to modern medical treatments. Bacteria encased in biofilm matrix are more resistant towards antimicrobials and thus the capability of microbes to persist and nurture in a biofilm seems to be the foremost aspect of pathogenesis and therapeutic failure. Therefore, there is a pressing demand for new drugs active against microbial biofilms. In the current study, anti-biofilm potential of Lactobacillus spp. cell-free supernatants (CFSs) against Cronobacter sakazakii and Listeria monocytogenes was characterized using crystal violet staining and MTT assay. CFSs of goat milk origin lactobacilli not only prevented biofilm formation but also disrupted preformed biofilms. Neutralized and heat-treated preparations of Lactobacillus CFSs also inhibited biofilm formation by test pathogens. The results were quantitatively confirmed by light and fluorescent microscopy observations. Biofilms developed under static conditions displayed typical compact microcolonies with uniform distribution over the surface, while upon CFS challenge, biofilms were disrupted with presence of dead cells. These findings highlight the anti-biofilm potency of Lactobacillus spp. strains of goat milk origin and their potential application in food industries.
- MeSH
- Anti-Bacterial Agents isolation & purification pharmacology MeSH
- Biofilms drug effects MeSH
- Cronobacter sakazakii drug effects MeSH
- Goats MeSH
- Culture Media chemistry pharmacology MeSH
- Lactobacillus chemistry MeSH
- Listeria monocytogenes drug effects MeSH
- Milk microbiology MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Female MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
Enzymes of microbial origin are of immense importance for organic material decomposition leading to bioremediation of organic waste, bioenergy generation, large-scale industrial bioprocesses, etc. The market demand for microbial cellulase enzyme is growing more rapidly which ultimately becomes the driving force towards research on this biocatalyst, widely used in various industrial activities. The use of novel cellulase genes obtained from various thermophiles through metagenomics and genetic engineering as well as following metabolic engineering pathways would be able to enhance the production of thermophilic cellulase at industrial scale. The present review is mainly focused on thermophilic cellulolytic bacteria, discoveries on cellulase gene, genetically modified cellulase, metabolic engineering, and their various industrial applications. A lot of lacunae are yet to overcome for thermophiles such as metagenome analysis, metabolic pathway modification study, search of heterologous hosts in gene expression system, and improved recombinant strain for better cellulase yield as well as value-added product formation.
To understand the role of phospholipids on Cdr1p (drug exporter)-mediated drug resistance in yeast, the phospholipids biosynthesis genes PSD1, PSD2, CHO2, and OPI3 were deleted in a strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae already overexpressing Cdr1-GFP of Candida albicans as a heterologous system. The effect of phospholipids biosynthesis gene deletion was analyzed on Cdr1p-GFP-mediated drug resistance as well as its localization. The results indicate that phospholipids biosynthesis disruption makes the cell sensitive to several drugs including fluconazole (FLC), with Δpsd1/Cdr1-GFP being worst affected. Interestingly, unlike sterols and sphingolipids, the localization of Cdr1p was unaffected by phospholipid biosynthesis gene disruption. Concomitantly, phospholipids mutants also showed an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, as verified by fluorescence probe 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) method. In addition, the sensitivity of phospholipid mutants with FLC was found to be synergistic to ROS generation, resulting in further reduction of growth. Thus, this study proposes phospholipid biosynthesis as a novel target for antifungal therapy.
- MeSH
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters genetics MeSH
- Antifungal Agents pharmacology MeSH
- Biosynthetic Pathways MeSH
- Candida albicans drug effects genetics MeSH
- Gene Deletion MeSH
- Phosphatidylethanolamine N-Methyltransferase genetics MeSH
- Phospholipids biosynthesis MeSH
- Fungal Proteins genetics MeSH
- Carboxy-Lyases genetics MeSH
- Membrane Transport Proteins genetics MeSH
- Microbial Sensitivity Tests MeSH
- Mitochondrial Proteins genetics MeSH
- Drug Resistance, Multiple, Fungal genetics MeSH
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins genetics MeSH
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae genetics metabolism MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
