• MeSH
• insekticidy aplikace a dávkování   farmakologie   MeSH
• kontrola škůdců metody   MeSH
• nosatcovití * patogenita   účinky léků   MeSH
• ochrana úrody metody   MeSH
• oleje prchavé * aplikace a dávkování   farmakologie   MeSH
• pšenice MeSH
• rozmarýn MeSH
• statistika jako téma MeSH
• Thymus (rostlina) MeSH
• výzkumné techniky MeSH
• výzkumný projekt MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• červotoč chlebový,
• MeSH
• brouci * růst a vývoj   MeSH
• dezinsekce MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Mustelidae metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

• MeSH
• bydlení MeSH
• Diptera * klasifikace   MeSH
• kontrola škůdců MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• riziko MeSH
• stadia vývoje MeSH
• stravovací služby MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH

Sexual size dimorphism (SSD) is widespread among animals, but its developmental mechanisms are not fully undestood. We investigated the proximate causes of SSD in three male-larger and one monomorphic scarab beetles using detailed monitoring of growth in individual instars. Apart from the finding that SSD in all three male-larger species started to develop already in the first larval instar, we generally found a high variability in SSD formation among the species as well as among instars. Overall, sexual differences in developmental time, average growth rate, as well as in the shape of the growth trajectory seem to be the mechanisms responsible for SSD ontogeny in scarab beetles. In the third instar, when the larvae attain most of their mass, the males had a similar or even lower instantaneous growth rate than females and SSD largely developed as a consequence of a longer period of rapid growth in males even in cases when the sexes did not differ in the total duration of this instar. Our results demonstrate that a detailed approach, examining not only the average growth rate and developmental time, but also the shape of the growth trajectory, is necessary to elucidate the complex development of SSD.

• MeSH
• biologická evoluce * MeSH
• brouci anatomie a histologie   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• larva růst a vývoj   fyziologie   MeSH
• pohlavní dimorfismus * MeSH
• velikost těla fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Beetles of the subfamily Cetoniinae are distinct and well-known, yet their larval ontogeny, sexual size dimorphism and development remain unknown in most species. This group contains many species with large males with prominent secondary sexual structures, such as cephalic or pronotal horns and elongated forelimbs. The species studied here, Pachnoda marginata, belongs to those species without any obvious dimorphism, the males being almost indistinguishable from the females. In this paper we examine sexual dimorphism in body shape and size in this apparently 'non-dimorphic' species. We further investigate the larval development and proximate causes of sexual size dimorphism, in particular when and how the sexes diverge in their growth trajectories during ontogeny. We found that males are larger than females and that the sexes also differ in body shape - for example, males possess significantly longer forelimbs relative to body size than females. The male-biased sexual size dimorphism along with prolonged forelimbs suggests that sexual selection for larger males may not be limited merely to horned species of rose chafers. The dimorphism in size in P. marginata arises during the second larval instar and basically remains unchanged till maturity. In both sexes the maximum body mass as well as developmental time of particular larval instars were strongly correlated, but time spent in the pupal chamber was not related to previous growth and final body size. The correlation between developmental time and adult size was negative, which may be a reflection of differences in resource allocation or utilisation for growth and development among individuals.

• MeSH
• brouci růst a vývoj   MeSH
• končetiny anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• larva růst a vývoj   MeSH
• sexuální faktory MeSH
• velikost těla fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH