Ligula intestinalis (Linnaeus, 1758) is a tapeworm parasite with a worldwide distribution that uses a wide variety of fish species as its second intermediate host. In the present study, we investigated the prevalence and population genetic structure of plerocercoids of L. intestinalis in five common cyprinoid species, roach Rutilus rutilus (Linnaeus), freshwater bream Abramis brama (Linnaeus), white bream Blicca bjoerkna (Linnaeus), bleak Alburnus alburnus (Linnaeus), and rudd Scardinius erythrophthalmus (Linnaeus), collected in six water bodies of the Czech Republic (Milada, Most, Medard, Jordán, Římov and Lipno). Of the six study sites, the highest frequency of parasitism was recorded in Lake Medard (15%). The overall prevalence rate among the species was as follows: roach > rudd ≥ freshwater bream > bleak > white bream. Two mitochondrial genes (cytb and COI) were used to compare the population genetic structure of parasite populations using selected samples from the five fish species. The results of the phylogenetic analysis indicated that all populations of L. intestinalis were placed in Clade A, previously identified as the most common in Europe. At a finer scale, haplotype network and PCoA analyses indicated the possible emergence of host specificity of several mtDNA haplotypes to the freshwater bream. Moreover, pairwise Fixation indices (FST) revealed a significant genetic structure between the parasite population in freshwater bream and other host species. Parasite populations in roach not only showed the highest rate of prevalence but also depicted a maximum number of shared haplotypes with populations from bleak and rudd. Our results suggest that recent ecological differentiation might have influenced tapeworm populations at a fine evolutionary scale. Thus, the differences in prevalence between fish host species in different lakes might be influenced not only by the parasite's ecology, but also by its genetic diversity.

• MeSH
• Cestoda * genetika   MeSH
• cestodózy * epidemiologie   parazitologie   veterinární   MeSH
• Cyprinidae * parazitologie   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• genetické struktury MeSH
• interakce hostitele a parazita MeSH
• jezera MeSH
• mitochondriální DNA MeSH
• nemoci ryb * epidemiologie   parazitologie   MeSH
• paraziti * MeSH
• populační genetika MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• voda MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

Wildlife monitoring using passive telemetry has become a robust method for investigating animal migration. With increased use, this method progressively pollutes the environment with technological waste represented by so called ghost tags (PIT tags ending in the environment due to reproductive expulsions, shedding or animal mortality). However, their presence in the environment may lead to failed detections of living individuals. We used tagging data from studies of the asp Leuciscus aspius and the bleak Alburnus alburnus collected from 2014 to 2018 and located ghost tag positions on the monitored spawning site using portable backpack reader for their detection. We modelled virtual river-wide flat-bed antennas (widths 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8 m) representing monitoring effort and estimated the probability of the presence of ghost tags within the antenna field. Of 3724 PIT tags used in the study, we detected on the spawning ground 173 ghost tags originating from long-term monitoring. The ghost tags accumulated in the environment in time, suggesting insufficient degradation rate or shift downstream from the research site. Number of ghost tags present on the spawning ground led to high probability of disabled readings of tagged fish passing through the antenna electro-magnetic field. We demonstrate how accumulated ghost tags may cause detection failures for focal species and incomplete data acquisition. We infer that intensive long-term monitoring using PIT tag technology may encumber future data acquisition or entail additional costs for clean-up.

• MeSH
• máloostní fyziologie   MeSH
• migrace zvířat fyziologie   MeSH
• roční období MeSH
• technologie dálkového snímání přístrojové vybavení   MeSH
• teoretické modely MeSH
• zpětná vazba MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

The higher proportion of males of the invasive round goby Neogobius melanostomus in samples from two activity selective passive fishing gears compared with one activity non-selective fishing gear in three Dutch lakes is related to higher male locomotory activity and is a sex-dependent trait. This difference in activity reflects the different ecology of male and female N. melanostomus.

• MeSH
• ekologie metody   MeSH
• fenotyp MeSH
• jezera MeSH
• lokomoce * MeSH
• Perciformes * MeSH
• zavlečené druhy * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Piscivory in cyprinids (Cyprinidae) is extremely rare. Specifically, common bream (Abramis brama) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio) are zooplanktivorous fish in deep lentic waters. Nevertheless, we observed predation by these two cyprinids under natural conditions in the Vír Reservoir, Czech Republic. We conducted diet analysis for cyprinids caught by trawling and gillnets and the large amount of young-of-the-year (YOY) perch (Perca fluviatilis), with sizes of 37-52 mm standard length, were found in their digestive tracts. In 2010, a large amount of YOY perch caused a significant decrease in Daphnia spp. size and abundance in the reservoir. Hence, a food deficit was induced for the cyprinids, apparent also from the poor nutritional condition of common bream which was much worse than the condition of those in similar reservoirs. Common carp and common bream shifted to forced piscivory, and they utilized the YOY perch as an alternative food source. In contrast, smaller species, such as roach (Rutilus rutilus) and bleak (Alburnus alburnus), widely utilized planktonic cyanobacteria. In the following year, YOY perch occurred in significantly lower numbers and conversely, Daphnia spp. size and abundance were significantly higher. The forced piscivory was not observed. Our results indicate a switch to forced piscivory by cyprinids, which was caused by a shortage of their natural food source. Moreover, this phenomenon presents an effective mechanism for reduction in the numbers of YOY perch, ensuring the stability of the ecosystem.

• MeSH
• kapři fyziologie   MeSH
• okounovití fyziologie   MeSH
• potravní řetězec * MeSH
• predátorské chování fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The European Standard EN 14757 recommends gillnet mesh sizes that range from 5 to 55mm (knot-to-knot) for the standard monitoring of fish assemblages and suggests adding gillnets with larger mesh sizes if necessary. Our research showed that the recommended range of mesh sizes did not provide a representative picture of fish sizes for larger species that commonly occur in continental Europe. We developed a novel, large mesh gillnet which consists of mesh sizes 70, 90, 110 and 135mm (knot to knot, 10m panels) and assessed its added value for monitoring purposes. From selectivity curves obtained by sampling with single mesh size gillnets (11 mesh sizes 6 - 55mm) and large mesh gillnets, we identified the threshold length of bream (Abramis brama) above which this widespread large species was underestimated by European standard gillnet catches. We tested the European Standard gillnet by comparing its size composition with that obtained during concurrent pelagic trawling and purse seining in a cyprinid-dominated reservoir and found that the European Standard underestimated fish larger than 292mm by 26 times. The inclusion of large mesh gillnets in the sampling design removed this underestimation. We analysed the length-age relationship of bream in the Římov Reservoir, and concluded that catches of bream larger than 292mm and older than five years were seriously underrepresented in European Standard gillnet catches. The Římov Reservoir is a typical cyprinid-dominated water body where the biomass of bream > 292mm formed 70% of the pelagic trawl and purse seine catch. The species-specific relationships between the large mesh gillnet catch and European Standard catch suggested that the presence of carp (Cyprinus carpio), European catfish (Silurus glanis), tench (Tinca tinca) or bream warrants the use of both gillnet types. We suggest extending the gillnet series in the European Standard to avoid misinterpretation of fish community biomass estimates.

• MeSH
• biomasa * MeSH
• druhová specificita MeSH
• rybářství * MeSH
• ryby anatomie a histologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• zeměpis MeSH
• zkreslení výsledků (epidemiologie) * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH

Úvod a cíl: Pro dnešní systémy zdravotnictví členských států Evropské unie je charakteristický volný pohyb pacientů i zdravotníků a mezinárodní transfer medicínských a informačních technologií. Do popředí se proto dostává otázka zajištění kvality zdravotnických služeb poskytovaných občanům mimo jejich domovský členský stát. Cílem tohoto krátkého sdělení je seznámit čtenáře s parametry hodnocení kvality zdravotní péče ve zdravotnických zařízeních Evropské unie a popsat současný stav a potřebná opatření v České republice. Diskuse: V současné době se definice kvality zdravotní péče nezaměřuje pouze na pacienty, ale také na zdravé jednotlivce a celou populaci. Předmětem hodnocení kvality zdravotní péče tudíž není pouze léčba a rehabilitace, ale rovněž oblast podpory zdraví a prevence nemocí. Kvalita zdravotní péče je regulovaná na několika úrovních tržními mechanismy, samoregulací a různými regulačními opatřeními. Zlepšováním klinických i organizačních struktur a procesů zdravotní péče se zabývá management kvality. Hodnocení zdravotní péče je standardizované a probíhá podle definovaných parametrů na úrovni vstupů, procesů a výstupů zdravotní péče. Jedním ze standardních nástrojů zlepšování kvality zdravotní péče je klinický audit, který slouží k vyhodnocení klinických postupů s cílem přijmout potřebná opatření ke zlepšení kvality klinické praxe a zvýšení bezpečnosti pacientů. Tyto nástroje lze použít ve všech oborech medicíny a ve všech typech zdravotnických zařízení, od samostatně praktikujících lékařů až po velká zdravotnická zařízení. Závěr: V České republice je implementována řada opatření ke zvyšování kvality zdravotní péče, která jsou jednak regulační, jednak dobrovolná. Důležitým úkolem pro nejbližší období je systematicky ve všech zdravotnických oborech včetně stomatologických pracovišť zavádět klinické standardy. Je nutné zlepšovat především oblast informování pacientů a jejich zapojení do léčebně-preventivního procesu. Klíčová slova: kvalita ve zdravotnictví – hodnocení kvality zdravotní péče – management kvality – klinický audit

Introduction, Aim: Current health systems of the European Union Member States are characterized by free movement of patients and health professionals and international transfer of medical and information technologies. The issue of assuring the quality of medical services provided to the European Union nationals outside their home member state is therefore critical. The aim of the short communication is to introduce the readers to parameters for healthcare quality evaluation in healthcare facilities in the European Union and to analyze the current situation in the Czech Republic and measures needed. Discussion: Currently the healthcare quality definition focuses not only on patients, but also on healthy individuals and general population. The healthcare quality evaluation covers not only treatment and rehabilitation, but also on health support and prevention of diseases. The healthcare quality is regulated at several levels by market mechanisms, self-regulation and different regulatory measures. The purpose of medical quality management is to improve clinical and organizational structures and processes. The healthcare quality evaluation is standardized and focuses on pre-defined parameters of healthcare inputs, processes and outputs. One of the standard tools for improving the healthcare quality is clinical audit. Its purpose is an evaluation of clinical procedures in order to implement the necessary measures to increase the quality of clinical practice and patient safety. The above tools can be used in all medical branches and all types of healthcare facilities, from individual general practitioners to clinics and hospitals. Conclusions: A number of measures to improve the healthcare quality, both regulatory and voluntary, have been implemented in the Czech Republic. An important task for the near future is to systematically introduce clinical standards in all medical branches including dental medical facilities. It is also necessary to improve the area of informing patients and involving them into the prevention and treatment process. Key words: healthcare quality – healthcare quality assessment – quality management – clinical audit

• MeSH
• Evropská unie MeSH
• kvalita zdravotní péče * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• poskytování zdravotní péče organizace a řízení   MeSH
• řízení kvality MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

• MeSH
• integrované poskytování zdravotní péče MeSH
• krizová intervence MeSH
• záchranná práce MeSH

• Konspekt
• Organizace a řízení veřejné správy
• Učební osnovy. Vyučovací předměty. Učebnice

Two new nematode species, Paragendria papuanensis sp. n. (Quimperiidae) and Rhabdochona papuanensis sp. n. (Rhabdochonidae), are described from the intestine of freshwater fishes Glossamia gjellerupi (Weber et Beaufort) (Apogonidae) and Melanotaenia affinis (Weber) (Melanotaeniidae), respectively, from the Sogeram River (Ramu River basin), Madang Province, northern Papua New Guinea. The former species is characterized mainly by the absence of oesophageal teeth, the presence of conspicuously inflated papillae of the last two subventral pairs, a gubernaculum, spicules 69–75 µm long, eggs measuring 57–66 × 39–45 µm, and by a small body (male and female 3.2–3.7 and 5.8 mm long, respectively). Paragendria is considered a valid genus, to which P. aori (Khan et Yaseen, 1969) comb. n., P. guptai (Gupta et Masoodi, 2000) comb. n., P. hanumanthai (Gupta et Jaiswal, 1988) comb. n. and P. vermae (Gupta et Masoodi, 2000) comb. n. are newly transferred. Rhabdochona papuanensis differs from all congeners mainly in having hammer-shaped deirids and from individual species also in other characters. Both findings represent the first records of species of Paragendria and Rhabdochona from the Australian zoogeographical region and the first records of the representatives of these genera from fishes of the families Apogonidae and Melanotaeniidae, respectively.

• MeSH
• Ascaridia anatomie a histologie   izolace a purifikace   klasifikace   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• infekce hlísticemi řádu Ascaridida parazitologie   veterinární   MeSH
• infekce hlísticemi řádu Spirurida parazitologie   veterinární   MeSH
• mikroskopie elektronová rastrovací MeSH
• mikroskopie MeSH
• nemoci ryb parazitologie   MeSH
• Perciformes MeSH
• sladká voda MeSH
• Smegmamorpha MeSH
• Spiruroidea anatomie a histologie   izolace a purifikace   klasifikace   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• střeva parazitologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Papua Nová Guinea MeSH

• MeSH
• civilní obrana metody   normy   MeSH
• katastrofy klasifikace   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• plánování postupu v případě katastrof metody   normy   MeSH

• Konspekt
• Znečištění a poškození životního prostředí
• Učební osnovy. Vyučovací předměty. Učebnice
• NLK Obory
• environmentální vědy
• NLK Publikační typ
• učebnice středních škol
• učebnice vyšších odborných škol

• Klíčová slova
• texty učební, integrovaný záchranný systém, IZS, krizová medicína,
• MeSH
• právní vědy MeSH