Anthracyclines are a class of pharmaceuticals used in cancer treatment have the potential to negatively impact the environment. To study the possibilities of anthracyclines (represented by pirarubicin and valrubicin) removal, chemical inactivation using NaOH (0.01 M) and NaClO (5%) as decontamination agents and adsorption to powdered nanocrystalline titanium dioxide (TiO2) were compared. The titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles were prepared via homogeneous precipitation of an aqueous solution of titanium (IV) oxy-sulfate (TiOSO4) at different amount (5-120 g) with urea. The as-prepared TiO2 samples were characterized by XRD, HRSEM and nitrogen physisorption. The adsorption process of anthracycline cytostatics was determined followed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and an in-situ Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (DRIFTS) technique. It was found that NaClO decomposes anthracyclines to form various transformation products (TPs). No TPs were identified after the reaction of valrubicin with a NaOH solution as well as in the presence of TiO2 nanoparticles. The best degree of removal, 100% of pirarubicin and 85% of valrubicin, has been achieved in a sample with 120 grams of TiOSO4 (TIT120) and TiO2 with 60 grams (TIT60), respectively.
- MeSH
- adsorpce MeSH
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu chemie izolace a purifikace MeSH
- chlornan sodný chemie MeSH
- cytostatické látky chemie izolace a purifikace MeSH
- dekontaminace metody MeSH
- doxorubicin analogy a deriváty chemie izolace a purifikace MeSH
- hydrolýza MeSH
- hydroxid sodný chemie MeSH
- krystalizace MeSH
- nanostruktury chemie MeSH
- povrchové vlastnosti MeSH
- titan chemie MeSH
- velikost částic MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
Introduction: Macrocrystalline oxides of alkaline earth metals (Mg and Ca) or light metals (Al and Ti) can respond to standard warfare agents such as sulfur mustard, soman, or agent VX. In this paper, we compared the decontamination ability of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) for nitrogen mustards (cyclophosphamide [CP] and ifosfamide [IFOS]) with a new procedure using a destructive sorbent based on nanocrystalline and nanodispersive titanium dioxide (TiO2) as a new efficient and cheap material for complete decontamination of surfaces. Methods: Titanium (IV) dioxide nanoparticles were prepared by the homogeneous hydrolysis of titanium(IV) oxysulfate (TiOSO4) with urea. The as-prepared TiO2 nanoparticles were used for the fast and safe decontamination of cytostatics from the nitrogen mustard family (CP and IFOS) in water. The adsorption-degradation process of cytostatics in the presence of TiO2 was compared with decontamination agents (0.01 M solution of sodium hydroxide and 5% solution of sodium hypochlorite). The mechanism of the decontamination process and the degradation efficiency were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. Results: It was demonstrated that a 0.01 M solution of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) decomposes CP to 3-((amino(bis(2-chloroethyl)amino)phosphoryl)oxy)propanoic acid and sodium hypochlorite formed two reaction products, namely, IFOS and 4-hydroxy-cyclophosphamide. IFOS is cytotoxic, and 4-hydroxy-cyclophosphamide is a known metabolite of CP after its partial metabolism by CYP/CYP450. IFOS degrades in the pres¬ence of NaOH to toxic IFOS mustard. Titanium(IV) dioxide nanoparticles adsorbed on its surface CP after 5 minutes and on IFOS after 10 minutes. The adsorption-degradation process of CP in water and in the presence of TiO2 led to 4-hydroxy-cyclophosphamide and IFOS, respectively, which decayed to oxidation product 4-hydroxy-ifosfamide. Conclusion: Nanodispersive TiO2 is an effective degradation agent for decontamination of surfaces from cytostatics in medical facilities.
- MeSH
- antitumorózní látky alkylující chemie metabolismus MeSH
- cyklofosfamid chemie metabolismus MeSH
- cytostatické látky chemie metabolismus MeSH
- dekontaminace metody MeSH
- ifosfamid chemie metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nanočástice chemie MeSH
- titan chemie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Nanostructured titanium(IV) oxide was used for the destructive adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of mitoxantrone (MTX), a cytostatic drug from the group of anthracycline antibiotics. During adsorption on a titania dioxide surface, four degradation products of MTX, mitoxantrone dicarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydroxy-5-((2-((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)ethyl)amino)-8-((2-(methylamino)ethyl)amino)anthracene-9,10-dione, 1,4-dihydroxy-5,8-diiminoanthracene-9,10(5H,8H)-dione and 1,4-dihydroxy-5-imino-8-(methyleneamino)anthracene-9,10(5H,8H)-dione, were identified. In the case of photocatalytic degradation, only one degradation product after 15 min at m/z 472 was identified. This degradation product corresponded to mitoxantrone dicarboxylic acid, and complete mineralization was attained in one hour. Destructive adsorbent manganese(IV) oxide, MnO2, was used only for the destructive adsorption of MTX. Destructive adsorption occurred only for one degradation product, mitoxantrone dicarboxylic acid, against anatase TiO2.
Metal oxides have very important applications in many areas of chemistry, physics and materials science; their properties are dependent on the method of preparation, the morphology and texture. Nanostructured metal oxides can exhibit unique characteristics unlike those of the bulk form depending on their morphology, with a high density of edges, corners and defect surfaces. In recent years, methods have been developed for the preparation of metal oxide powders with tunable control of the primary particle size as well as of a secondary particle size: the size of agglomerates of crystallites. One of the many ways to take advantage of unique properties of nanostructured oxide materials is stoichiometric degradation of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) and volatile organic compounds (VOC) pollutants on their surfaces.
Germanium doped TiO(2) was prepared by homogeneous hydrolysis of aqueous solutions of GeCl(4) and TiOSO(4) with urea. The synthesized samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, EDS analysis, specific surface area (BET) and porosity determination (BJH). Ge(4+) doping increases surface area and content of amorphous phase in prepared samples. These oxides were used in an experimental evaluation of their reactivity with chemical warfare agent, sulphur mustard, soman and agent VX. Ge(4+) doping worsens sulphur mustard degradation and improves soman and agent VX degradation. The best degree of removal (degradation), 100% of soman, 99% of agent VX and 95% of sulphur mustard, is achieved with sample with 2 wt.% of germanium.
