Tento přehledový článek poskytuje informace o zpuchýřujících bojových chemických látkách. Hlavní pozornost je věnována sirnému yperitu. Článek shrnuje historii této chemické látky od jejího objevu až po současnost, dále fyzikálně-chemické vlastnosti, toxikokinetiku a klinický obraz akutní intoxikace. Probírány jsou i pozdní následky expozice. Laboratorní diagnostika expozice sirnému yperitu je otázkou, na kterou je aktuálně upřena celosvětová pozornost mnoha výzkumných skupin. Současné terapeutické přístupy doporučené organizací NATO jsou zaměřeny na rychlou dekontaminaci a symptomatickou léčbu. Přes všechny snahy, nebylo do dnešní doby nalezeno účinné a použitelné antidotum, které by zabránilo devastujícím následkům expozice. Efektivní ochrana před sirným yperitem tak nadále spočívá v zamezení kontaktu s organismem.
This review provides information about blistering chemical warfare agents. The main focus lies on the sulfur mustard. The article summarizes the history of this agent from its discovery to the present, physicochemical properties, toxicokinetics, and the clinical picture of acute intoxication. Late effects of poisoning are discussed as well. The laboratory diagnosis of sulfur mustard exposure is an issue that is currently being discussed by many research groups worldwide. Current therapeutic approaches recommended by NATO are aimed at rapid decontamination and symptomatic treatment. In spite of all efforts, no potent and usable antidote has been found to prevent the devastating outcomes of the exposure. Therefore, efficient protection against sulfur mustard still consists of preventing the contact with organism.
Sorption efficiencies of modified montmorillonite and vermiculite of their mono ionic Na and organic HDTMA and HDP forms were studied against chemical and biological warfare agents such as yperite and selected bacterial strains. Yperite interactions with modified clay minerals were observed through its capture in low-density polyethylene foil-modified clay composites by measuring yperite gas permeation with using chemical indication and gas chromatography methods. The antibacterial activities of synthetized organoclays were tested against selected Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial species in minimum inhibitory concentration tests. The obtained results showed a positive influence of modified clay minerals on the significant yperite breakthrough-time increase. The most effective material was the polyethylene-Na form montmorillonite, while the polyethylene-Na form vermiculite showed the lowest efficiency. With increasing organic cations loading in the interlayer space the montmorillonite efficiency decreased, and in the case of vermiculite an opposite effect was observed. Generally the modified montmorillonites were more effective than modified vermiculites. The HDP cations seem to be more effective compare to the HDTMA. The antibacterial activity tests confirmed efficiency of all organically modified clay minerals against Gram-positive bacteria. The confirmation of antibacterial activity against Y. pestis, plague bacteria, is the most interesting result of this part of the study.
- MeSH
- akrylové pryskyřice chemie MeSH
- bentonit chemie farmakologie MeSH
- biologické bojové látky * MeSH
- chemické bojové látky chemie MeSH
- gramnegativní bakterie účinky léků růst a vývoj MeSH
- grampozitivní bakterie účinky léků růst a vývoj MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
- ochranné oděvy * MeSH
- polyethylen chemie MeSH
- silikáty hliníku chemie farmakologie MeSH
- yperit chemie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) particles and a composite containing a mixture of ferrate(VI) and ferrate(III) were prepared by thermal procedures. The phase compositions, valence states of iron, and particle sizes of iron-bearing compounds were determined by combination of X-ray powder diffraction, Mössbauer spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The applicability of these environmentally friendly iron based materials in treatment of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) has been tested with three representative compounds, sulfur mustard (bis(2-chlorethyl) sulfide, HD), soman ((3,3'-imethylbutan-2-yl)-methylphosphonofluoridate, GD), and O-ethyl S-[2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl] methylphosphonothiolate (VX). Zero-valent iron, even in the nanodimensional state, had a sluggish reactivity with CWAs, which was also observed in low degrees of CWAs degradation. On the contrary, ferrate(VI)/(III) composite exhibited a high reactivity and complete degradations of CWAs were accomplished. Under the studied conditions, the estimated first-order rate constants (≈ 10(-2)s(-1)) with the ferrate(VI)/(III) composite were several orders of magnitude higher than those of spontaneous hydrolysis of CWAs (10(-8)-10(-6)s(-1)). The results demonstrated that the oxidative technology based on application of ferrate(VI) is very promising to decontaminate CWAs.
- MeSH
- chemické bojové látky chemie MeSH
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu chemie MeSH
- cholinesterasové inhibitory chemie MeSH
- čištění vody metody MeSH
- difrakce rentgenového záření MeSH
- mikroskopie elektronová rastrovací MeSH
- nanočástice chemie ultrastruktura MeSH
- organothiofosforové sloučeniny chemie MeSH
- oxidace-redukce MeSH
- prášková difrakce MeSH
- soman chemie MeSH
- yperit chemie MeSH
- železo chemie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Germanium doped TiO(2) was prepared by homogeneous hydrolysis of aqueous solutions of GeCl(4) and TiOSO(4) with urea. The synthesized samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, EDS analysis, specific surface area (BET) and porosity determination (BJH). Ge(4+) doping increases surface area and content of amorphous phase in prepared samples. These oxides were used in an experimental evaluation of their reactivity with chemical warfare agent, sulphur mustard, soman and agent VX. Ge(4+) doping worsens sulphur mustard degradation and improves soman and agent VX degradation. The best degree of removal (degradation), 100% of soman, 99% of agent VX and 95% of sulphur mustard, is achieved with sample with 2 wt.% of germanium.
Zirconium doped mixed nanodispersive oxides of Ti and Fe were prepared by homogeneous hydrolysis of sulphate salts with urea in aqueous solutions. Synthesized nanodispersive metal oxide hydroxides were characterised as the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area and Barrett-Joiner-Halenda porosity (BJH), X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared (IR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) microanalysis, and acid-base titration. These oxides were taken for an experimental evaluation of their reactivity with sulphur mustard (chemical warfare agent HD or bis(2-chloroethyl)sulphide). The presence of Zr(4+) dopant tends to increase both the surface area and the surface hydroxylation of the resulting doped oxides in such a manner that it can contribute to enabling the substrate adsorption at the oxide surface and thus accelerate the rate of degradation of warfare agents. The addition of Zr(4+) to the hydrolysis of ferric sulphate with urea shifts the reaction route and promotes formation of goethite at the expense of ferrihydrite. We discovered that Zr(4+) doped oxo-hydroxides of Ti and Fe exhibit a higher degradation activity towards sulphur mustard than any other yet reported reactive sorbents. The reaction rate constant of the slower parallel reaction of the most efficient reactive sorbents is increased with the increasing amount of surface base sites.
- MeSH
- adsorpce MeSH
- chemická válka MeSH
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu analýza MeSH
- čištění vody metody MeSH
- difrakce rentgenového záření MeSH
- hydrolýza MeSH
- mikroskopie elektronová rastrovací metody MeSH
- nanotechnologie metody MeSH
- oxidy chemie MeSH
- spektrofotometrie infračervená metody MeSH
- titan chemie MeSH
- yperit analýza chemie MeSH
- železité sloučeniny chemie MeSH
- zinek MeSH
- zirkonium chemie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Klíčová slova
- odmořování, otravné látky, chemické zbraně,
- MeSH
- bentonit aplikace a dávkování chemie zásobování a distribuce MeSH
- chemické bojové látky škodlivé účinky toxicita MeSH
- chloraminy aplikace a dávkování MeSH
- dekontaminace * dějiny metody přístrojové vybavení MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- ozbrojené síly MeSH
- vedení války MeSH
- yperit dějiny chemie kontraindikace škodlivé účinky MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
Zpuchýřující otravné látky můžeme charakterizovat jako vysoce toxické látky, pro které je charakteristický devastující, špatně se hojící efekt na tkáně, založený na jejich cytotoxicitě.
