BACKGROUND: COVID-19 is a viral disease notorious for frequent worldwide outbreaks. It is difficult to control, thereby resulting in overload of the healthcare system. A possible solution to prevent overcrowding is rapid triage of patients, which makes it possible to focus care on the high-risk patients and minimize the impact of crowding on patient prognosis. METHODS: The triage algorithm assessed self-sufficiency, oximetry, systolic blood pressure, and the Glasgow coma scale. Compliance with the triage protocol was defined as fulfillment of all protocol steps, including assignment of the correct level of care. Triage was considered successful if there was no change in the scope of care (e.g., unscheduled hospital admission, transfer to different level of care) or if there was unexpected death within 48 hours. RESULTS: A total of 929 patients were enrolled in the study. Triage criteria were fulfilled in 825 (88.8%) patients. Within 48 hours, unscheduled hospital admission, transfer to different level of care, or unexpected death occurred in 56 (6.0%), 6 (0.6%), and 5 (0.5%) patients, respectively. The risk of unscheduled hospital admission or transfer to different level of care was significantly increased if triage criteria were not fulfilled [13.1% vs. 76.1%, RR 5.8 (3.8-8.3), p < 0.001; 0.5% vs. 5.2%, RR 11.4 (2.3-57.7), p = 0.036, respectively]. CONCLUSION: The proposed algorithm for triage of patients with proven COVID-19 is a simple, fast, and reliable tool for rapid sorting for outpatient treatment, hospitalization on a standard ward, or assignment to an intensive care unit.
- MeSH
- COVID-19 * epidemiologie MeSH
- hospitalizace MeSH
- jednotky intenzivní péče MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- třídění pacientů metody MeSH
- urgentní služby nemocnice MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Management pacienta se závažným traumatickým krvácením zahrnuje postupy damage control resuscitation, jejichž součástí je kromě chirurgického řešení krvácení aplikace masivního transfuzního protokolu. Cílem tohoto sdělení je představit masivní transfuzní protokol a vybrané skórovací systémy pro včasnou detekci závažně krvácejících pacientů. Využití standardizovaného protokolu aktivace masivního transfuzního protokolu vede ke snížení letality na vykrvácení a spotřeby transfuzních přípravků v traumacentrech.
The management of severe traumatic bleeding includes damage control resuscitation procedures including, in addition to surgical bleeding control, the application of the massive transfusion protocol. The aim of this paper is to present the massive transfusion protocol and selected scoring systems for an early detection of patients with severe post-traumatic bleeding. The use of a standardized protocol to activate the massive transfusion protocol reduces lethality due to severe traumatic bleeding and the consumption of blood products in trauma centers.
- Klíčová slova
- masivní transfuzní protokol,
- MeSH
- krevní transfuze * metody MeSH
- krvácení etiologie terapie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- resuscitace metody MeSH
- traumatologická centra MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
BACKGROUND: Pre-hospital blood transfusion (PHBT) is a safe and gradually expanding procedure applied to trauma patients. A proper decision to activate PHBT with the presently limited diagnostic options at the site of an incident poses a challenge for pre-hospital crews. The purpose of this study was to compare the selected scoring systems and to determine whether they can be used as valid tools in identifying patients with PHBT requirements. METHODS: A retrospective single-center study was conducted between June 2018 and December 2020. Overall, 385 patients (aged [median; IQR]: 44; 24-60; 73% males) were included in this study. The values of five selected scoring systems were calculated in all patients. To determine the accuracy of each score for the prediction of PHBT, the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis was used and to measure the association, the odds ratio with 95% confidence intervals was counted (Fig. 1). RESULTS: Regarding the proper indication of PHBT, shock index (SI) and pulse pressure (PP) revealed the highest value of AUC and sensitivity/specificity ratio (SI: AUC 0.88; 95% CI 0.82-0.93; PP: AUC 0.85 with 95% CI 0.79-0.91). CONCLUSION: Shock index and pulse pressure are suitable tools for predicting PHBT in trauma patients.
K život ohrožujícím poraněním hrudníku, která je nutné řešit v přednemocniční péči, patří obstrukce dýchacích cest, tracheobronchiální poranění, tenzní pneumotorax a otevřený pneumotorax. Předmětem tohoto sdělení je přehled možného řešení tenzního a otevřeného pneumotoraxu v přednemocniční péči v kontextu současných doporučení a roli hrudní drenáže v těchto procesech. Ze současných doporučení vyplývá, že preferovaným způsobem ošetření tenzního pneumotoraxu v přednemocniční péči je jehlová dekomprese, příp. torakostomie, a využití komerčně vyráběného krytí u otevřeného pneumotoraxu. Zavedení hrudního drénu není v přednemocniční péči z důvodu časové náročnosti, možných komplikací a nutnosti zácviku obecně doporučeno. Hrudní drén má svou důležitou roli při řešení výše uvedených poranění v rámci primárního ošetření až v nemocnici.
The airway obstruction, tracheobronchial injury, tension pneumothorax and open pneumothorax are life-threatening chest injuries must be treated immediately in the prehospital care. The aim of this paper is an overview of the possible treatment for the tension and open pneumothorax in the context of current recommendations and the role of a chest tube insertion. The preferred method of treatment for tension pneumothorax is needle decompresion or thoracostomy, and for open pneumothorax vented chest seal. In general, the chest tube insertion in the prehospital care is not recommended because of the time comsumption, complications and training issues. The role of the chest tube is during the primary survey and management in the hospital.
- MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- pneumotorax terapie MeSH
- poranění hrudníku klasifikace terapie MeSH
- posturální drenáž * MeSH
- rány a poranění klasifikace terapie MeSH
- thorakocentéza metody MeSH
- torakostomie metody MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The paper aims to evaluate the effect of COVID-19 pandemic on a change in the number of major trauma cases, their mechanism and length of hospital stay as seen by a Level I Trauma Centre. MATERIAL AND METHODS The retrospective study included a total of 755 major trauma patients (ISS ≥ 16) treated at our Level I Trauma Centre in the period 2018-2019 ("pre-COVID-19 time") and 2020-2021 ("COVID-19 time"). The effect of COVID-19 infection on the change in the number and nature of major trauma, mechanism of injury, length of treatment during prehospital care, length of hospital stay, and mortality. RESULTS Of the total number of 755 patients with major trauma, in the "pre-COVID-19 time" 399 patients were treated, while in the "COVID-19 time" it was 356 patients (p = 0.10). The mechanism of major trauma did not change, road traffic accidents prevailed (61% vs. 56%, p = 0.25), the proportion of injuries due to falls from height increased (25% vs. 32.5%, p = 0.08), a significant decrease was observed in the category of severe skiing injuries (7 vs. 2, p = 0.003). The severity of injuries evaluated by Injury Severity Score remained unchanged (25 vs. 25, p = 0.08), but an increased number of patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) marked by the Abbreviate Injury Score (AIS) ≥ 4 was observed (38 vs. 56, p = 0.03). The total length of a hospital stay shortened (18 vs. 15 days, p = 0.04), but the mortality rate spiked (52 vs. 73 patients, p = 0.08). DISCUSSION In the "COVID-19 time", the total number of major trauma cases dropped just like in the other European countries. Despite restrictive measures imposing mobility restrictions, no change was reported in the mechanism of injury, with traffic accidents still prevalent, except for skiing injuries. Unlike the US, we did not see an increase in penetrating injuries due to interpersonal violence or suicidal behaviour. However, there was an increase in the percentage of patients with an isolated TBI as a result of a fall from height. An increase in mortality was reported due to an increase in severe TBI. The length of hospital stay was reduced as a result of efforts to maintain hospital bed availability. CONCLUSIONS During the COVID-19 pandemic, compared to the two years immediately preceding, no significant decrease in the number of major trauma cases was reported, despite the introduction of restrictive measures. The proportion of road traffic injuries remained the same, whereas the number of falls from height slightly increased, which consequently led to an increase in the number of severe TBI. The number of penetrating injuries due to acts of violence did not increase, but due to the lockdown there was a significant decrease in severe skiing-related injuries. The anti-epidemic measures in place did not prolong the pre-hospital care for severely injured patients. Key words: major trauma, Injury Severity Score, COVID-19, mechanism of injury.
Podle současných doporučení je závažně zraněný pacient směřován do nejbližšího centra vysoce specializované traumatologické péče. Tam jej očekává připravený traumatým složený z odborníků různých specializací s jasně definovanými úkoly a cílem zabránit preventabilnímu úmrtí. Cílem sdělení je popis optimálního složení traumatýmu, možnosti jeho aktivace a činnosti prováděné v rámci iniciálního managementu závažně zraněného pacienta.
According to current recommendations, a severely injured patient is transported to the closest trauma center Level I. The activated and prepared trauma team is waiting for him or her; the team is composed of various specialists and has cleary defined tasks and aims to prevent preventable deaths. The aim of this paper is to describe the optimal composition of trauma team, possibilities of his activation and the tasks during initial assessment of severely injured patient.
- Publikační typ
- abstrakt z konference MeSH
Článek pojednává o vzácné příčině končetinové ischémie, kterou je paradoxní embolie. Paradoxní embolií je označován stav, kdy kvůli přetrvávajícímu defektu v oblasti síní (foramen ovale patens nebo defektu síňového septa) dochází k přestupu trombu ze žilního řečiště do tepenného. Na dvou kazuistikách je demonstrován management pacienta s akutní končetinovou ischémií a paradoxní embolií z pohledu zdravotnické záchranné služby a na urgentním příjmu.
This paper presents a rare cause of acute limb ischemia, paradoxical embolism. The pararadoxical embolism is defined as a passage of venous thrombus into arterial circulation caused by defect in the cardiac atrium region (patent oval foramen or atrial septal defect). Two case reports of patients with acute limb ischemia and paradoxical embolism are presented as a view of management by emergency medical servis and at the emergency department.
- Klíčová slova
- KLÍČOVÁ SLOVA: paradoxní embolie – akutní končetinová ischémie – iniciální management,
- MeSH
- antikoagulancia terapeutické užití MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- onemocnění periferních arterií diagnostické zobrazování etiologie farmakoterapie MeSH
- paradoxní embolie * komplikace MeSH
- urgentní služby nemocnice MeSH
- žilní tromboembolie diagnostické zobrazování farmakoterapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- kazuistiky MeSH
OBJECTIVE: Blunt thoracic aortic injury is life-threatening injury. High suspicion on this clinical condition can be made by initial chest X-ray on emergency department. The aim of study was to detect which other signs, except widened mediastinum, are specific for rupture of the thoracic aorta. METHODS: To the study were included all Triage positive patients primary headed from the scene of injury to the Trauma center Level I from January to December 2014 and which have performed chest X-ray on emergency department followed by CT of chest, abdomen and pelvis. On chest X-ray were evaluated diameter of superior mediastinum, deviation of trachea, deviation of left and right main bronchus, aortic arch, fracture of first or second rib on the left side and obliteration of aortopulmonary space. RESULTS: Totally n=208 patients were enrolled to the study. Seven patients had blunt thoracic aortic injury on CT angiography. All these patients had widened superior mediastinum more than 80 mm (p=0.021). Six patients with blunt thoracic aortic injury had obliteration of aortic arch (p=0.0001) and obliteration of aortopulmonary space (p=0.0001). CONCLUSION: All patients after high energy trauma with widened mediastinum together with obliteration of aortic arch and obliteration of aortopulmonary space on initial chest X-ray without initial CT, must be indicated to the CT after initial stop the bleeding procedures for the exclusion of traumatic rupture of thoracic aorta.
- MeSH
- aorta thoracica diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- bronchy diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- CT angiografie MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- fraktury žeber diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- kohortové studie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mediastinum diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- polytrauma diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- poranění hrudníku diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- rentgendiagnostika hrudníku MeSH
- retrospektivní studie MeSH
- ruptura aorty diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- skóre závažnosti úrazu MeSH
- trachea diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- tupá poranění diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- zkrácená stupnice závažnosti úrazů MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Bolest břicha je jedním nejčastějších důvodů návštěvy urgentního příjmu. Kvalitní odběr anamnézy a klinické vyšetření tvoří základ diagnosticko-terapeutického postupu. V rámci managementu je zásadní rozpoznání závažně nemocného pacienta, pro kterého může být bolest břicha život ohrožující stav. Součástí tohoto managementu je co nejčasnější vyšetření chirurgem a indikace urgentního operačního řešení.
Abdominal pain is one of the most common reasons of emergency department´s visit. Accurate medical history and clinical examination forms the basis of the diagnostic-therapeutic approach. Recognition of severely ill patient is a crucial part of this management, as the abdominal pain could be lifethreatening in this case. A timely surgical examination and the earliest indication of surgical treatment are important parts of symptom´s management, too.