Pľúcnu aspergilózu vyvoláva všadeprítomná oportúnne patogénna pleseň z rodu Aspergillus,ktorej produktom sú hydrofóbne konídie uvoľňované do prostredia. Po vdýchnutí sa konídievďaka svojej malej veľkosti dostávajú až do pľúcnych alveol. U geneticky predisponovaných,polymorbidných alebo imunokompromitovaných pacientov vzniká najčastejšie infekcia dol-ných dýchacích ciest pod obrazom viacerých syndrómov. Pľúcnu aspergilózu podľa etiopa-togenézy, rizikových faktorov a dĺžky obdobia trvania rozdeľujeme na: alergickú, chronickúa invazívnu formu. Pri všetkých formách je dôležitá včasná diagnostika, pretože akékoľvekoneskorenie alebo inadekvátna liečba znamená prechod do chronických alebo diseminova-ných foriem s rozvojom komplikácií a veľmi závažnou prognózou.
Pulmonary aspergillosis is caused by the ubiquitous pathogenic fungus of the genus As-pergillus, which produces hydrophobic conidia released to the air. Due to its small dimensions,the conidia get into the alveoli in the lungs upon inhalation. The infection of the lower res-piratory tract imitating various different syndromes is the most common in the case of ge-netically predisposed, polymorbid or immunocompromised patients. Pulmonary aspergillosiscan be classified into allergic, chronic and invasive, based on etiopathogenesis, risk factorsand the length of the infection. Immediate diagnosis is crucial because inadequate treatmentor late diagnosis mean a transition to chronic or disseminated forms with more complicationsand a very serious prognosis.
- MeSH
- alkoholismus komplikace MeSH
- antibakteriální látky terapeutické užití MeSH
- antifungální látky terapeutické užití MeSH
- Aspergillus patogenita MeSH
- chronická nemoc MeSH
- diferenciální diagnóza MeSH
- glukokortikoidy škodlivé účinky MeSH
- imunokompromitovaný pacient * MeSH
- itrakonazol terapeutické užití MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- plíce diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- plicní aspergilóza * diagnóza patofyziologie terapie MeSH
- vorikonazol terapeutické užití MeSH
- výsledek terapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- kazuistiky MeSH
In most vertebrates, pharyngeal arches form in a stereotypic anterior-to-posterior progression. To gain insight into the mechanisms underlying evolutionary changes in pharyngeal arch development, here we investigate embryos and larvae of bichirs. Bichirs represent the earliest diverged living group of ray-finned fishes, and possess intriguing traits otherwise typical for lobe-finned fishes such as ventral paired lungs and larval external gills. In bichir embryos, we find that the anteroposterior way of formation of cranial segments is modified by the unique acceleration of the entire hyoid arch segment, with earlier and orchestrated development of the endodermal, mesodermal, and neural crest tissues. This major heterochronic shift in the anteroposterior developmental sequence enables early appearance of the external gills that represent key breathing organs of bichir free-living embryos and early larvae. Bichirs thus stay as unique models for understanding developmental mechanisms facilitating increased breathing capacity.
The midbrain-hindbrain boundary (MHB) is one of the key organizing centers of the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS). Its patterning is governed by a well-described gene regulatory network (GRN) involving several transcription factors, namely, pax, gbx, en, and otx, together with signaling molecules of the Wnt and Fgf families. Here, we describe the onset of these markers in Oryzias latipes (medaka) early brain development in comparison to previously known zebrafish expression patterns. Moreover, we show for the first time that vox, a member of the vent gene family, is expressed in the developing neural tube similarly to CNS markers. Overexpression of vox leads to profound changes in the gene expression patterns of individual components of MHB-specific GRN, most notably of fgf8, a crucial organizer molecule of MHB. Our data suggest that genes from the vent family, in addition to their crucial role in body axis formation, may play a role in regionalization of vertebrate CNS.
- MeSH
- embryo nesavčí metabolismus MeSH
- genové regulační sítě MeSH
- homeodoménové proteiny genetika metabolismus MeSH
- mezencefalon embryologie metabolismus MeSH
- Oryzias embryologie genetika MeSH
- rombencefalon embryologie metabolismus MeSH
- rybí proteiny genetika metabolismus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Animals sense light primarily by an opsin-based photopigment present in a photoreceptor cell. Cnidaria are arguably the most basal phylum containing a well-developed visual system. The evolutionary history of opsins in the animal kingdom has not yet been resolved. Here, we study the evolution of animal opsins by genome-wide analysis of the cubozoan jellyfish Tripedalia cystophora, a cnidarian possessing complex lens-containing eyes and minor photoreceptors. A large number of opsin genes with distinct tissue- and stage-specific expression were identified. Our phylogenetic analysis unequivocally classifies cubozoan opsins as a sister group to c-opsins and documents lineage-specific expansion of the opsin gene repertoire in the cubozoan genome. Functional analyses provided evidence for the use of the Gs-cAMP signaling pathway in a small set of cubozoan opsins, indicating the possibility that the majority of other cubozoan opsins signal via distinct pathways. Additionally, these tests uncovered subtle differences among individual opsins, suggesting possible fine-tuning for specific photoreceptor tasks. Based on phylogenetic, expression and biochemical analysis we propose that rapid lineage- and species-specific duplications of the intron-less opsin genes and their subsequent functional diversification promoted evolution of a large repertoire of both visual and extraocular photoreceptors in cubozoans.
- MeSH
- AMP cyklický metabolismus MeSH
- biologická evoluce * MeSH
- Cubozoa genetika metabolismus MeSH
- exprese genu MeSH
- fotoreceptory metabolismus MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- genom * MeSH
- genomika metody MeSH
- mapování chromozomů MeSH
- messenger RNA genetika MeSH
- multigenová rodina MeSH
- opsiny genetika metabolismus MeSH
- proteiny vázající GTP metabolismus MeSH
- signální transdukce MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
In chordates, early separation of cell fate domains occurs prior to the final specification of ectoderm to neural and non-neural as well as mesoderm to dorsal and ventral during development. Maintaining such division with the establishment of an exact border between the domains is required for the formation of highly differentiated structures such as neural tube and notochord. We hypothesized that the key condition for efficient cell fate separation in a chordate embryo is the presence of a positive feedback loop for Bmp signaling within the gene regulatory network (GRN), underlying early axial patterning. Here, we therefore investigated the role of Bmp signaling in axial cell fate determination in amphioxus, the basal chordate possessing a centralized nervous system. Pharmacological inhibition of Bmp signaling induces dorsalization of amphioxus embryos and expansion of neural plate markers, which is consistent with an ancestral role of Bmp signaling in chordate axial patterning and neural plate formation. Furthermore, we provided evidence for the presence of the positive feedback loop within the Bmp signaling network of amphioxus. Using mRNA microinjections we found that, in contrast to vertebrate Vent genes, which promote the expression of Bmp4, amphioxus Vent1 is likely not responsible for activation of cephalochordate ortholog Bmp2/4. Cis-regulatory analysis of amphioxus Bmp2/4, Admp and Chordin promoters in medaka embryos revealed remarkable conservation of the gene regulatory information between vertebrates and basal chordates. Our data suggest that emergence of a positive feedback loop within the Bmp signaling network may represent a key molecular event in the evolutionary history of the chordate cell fate determination.
- MeSH
- crista neuralis cytologie metabolismus MeSH
- embryo nesavčí metabolismus MeSH
- kopinatci embryologie metabolismus MeSH
- kostní morfogenetické proteiny metabolismus MeSH
- messenger RNA metabolismus MeSH
- Oryzias embryologie metabolismus MeSH
- rozvržení tělního plánu MeSH
- signální transdukce * MeSH
- zpětná vazba fyziologická MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
