The Old Kladruber horses arose in the 17th century as a breed used for ceremonial purposes. Currently, grey and black coat colour varieties exist as two sub-populations with different recent breeding history. As the population underwent historical bottlenecks and intensive inbreeding, loss of genetic variation is considered as the major threat. Therefore, genetic diversity in neutral and non-neutral molecular markers was examined in the current nucleus population. Fifty microsatellites, 13 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in immunity-related genes, three mutations in coat colour genes and one major histocompatibility (MHC-DRA) gene were studied for assessing genetic diversity after 15 years of conservation. The results were compared to values obtained in a similar study 13 years ago. The extent of genetic diversity of the current population was comparable to other breeds, despite its small size and isolation. The comparison between 1997 and 2010 did not show differences in the extent of genetic diversity and no loss of allele richness and/or heterozygosity was observed. Genetic differences identified between the black and grey sub-populations observed 13 years ago persisted. Deviations from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium found in 19 microsatellite loci and in five SNP loci are probably due to selective breeding. No differences between neutral and immunity-related markers were found. No changes in the frequencies of markers associated with two diseases, melanoma and insect bite hypersensitivity, were observed, due probably to the short interval of time between comparisons. It, thus, seems that, despite its small size, previous bottlenecks and inbreeding, the molecular variation of Old Kladruber horses is comparable to other horse breeds and that the current breeding policy does not compromise genetic variation of this endangered population.
- MeSH
- alely MeSH
- buněčné jádro genetika MeSH
- chov MeSH
- frekvence genu MeSH
- genetická variace * MeSH
- genotyp MeSH
- jednonukleotidový polymorfismus MeSH
- koně genetika MeSH
- mikrosatelitní repetice genetika MeSH
- mutace MeSH
- ohrožené druhy * MeSH
- zachování přírodních zdrojů MeSH
- ztráta heterozygozity MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Two Gram-positive, catalase-negative bacterial strains were isolated from the cloaca of common kingfishers (Alcedo atthis). Repetitive sequence-based PCR fingerprinting using the (GTG)5 primer grouped these isolates into a single cluster separated from all known enterococcal species. The two strains revealed identical 16S rRNA gene sequences placing them within the genus Enterococcus with Enterococcus aquimarinus LMG 16607(T) as the closest relative (97.14 % similarity). Further taxonomic investigation using sequencing of the genes for the superoxide dismutase (sodA), phenylalanyl-tRNA synthase alpha subunit (pheS) and the RNA polymerase alpha subunit (rpoA) as well as application of whole-cell protein fingerprinting, automated ribotyping and extensive phenotyping confirmed that both strains belong to the same species. Based on data from this polyphasic study, these strains represent a novel species of the genus Enterococcus, for which the name Enterococcus alcedinis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is L34(T) (= CCM 8433(T) = LMG 27164(T)).
- MeSH
- bakteriální geny MeSH
- DNA bakterií genetika MeSH
- DNA řízené RNA-polymerasy genetika MeSH
- Enterococcus klasifikace genetika izolace a purifikace MeSH
- fenylalanin-tRNA-ligasa genetika MeSH
- fylogeneze * MeSH
- molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
- peptidové mapování MeSH
- ptáci mikrobiologie MeSH
- ribotypizace MeSH
- RNA ribozomální 16S genetika MeSH
- sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
- superoxiddismutasa genetika MeSH
- techniky typizace bakterií MeSH
- zastoupení bazí MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
- MeSH
- bakteriální proteiny genetika metabolismus MeSH
- Enterococcus klasifikace enzymologie genetika izolace a purifikace MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- grampozitivní bakteriální infekce diagnóza mikrobiologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
- superoxiddismutasa genetika MeSH
- techniky typizace bakterií metody MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- hodnotící studie MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
OBJECTIVES: The global occurrence of antibiotic resistance genes in bacteria in water environments is an increasing concern. Treated wastewater was sampled daily over a 45 day period from the outflow of a municipal wastewater treatment plant in Brno, Czech Republic, and examined for extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria. METHODS: Water samples were cultivated on MacConkey agar with cefotaxime (2 mg/L) and individual colonies were examined for ESBL production. Phenotypic ESBL-positive bacteria identified as Escherichia coli or Klebsiella spp. were tested for the presence of antibiotic resistance genes, the virulence gene afa/dra and the bla(CTX-M) upstream region. Genetic relatedness was analysed by PFGE, multilocus sequence typing and plasmid analysis. RESULTS: A total of 68 ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae isolates were detected in 34 out of 45 wastewater samples. ESBL-producing isolates included 26 E. coli isolates, 4 Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates and 1 Klebsiella oxytoca isolate. The pandemic and multiresistant B2-O25b-ST131 clone was predominant, being detected among 19 E. coli isolates, and 17 of the B2-O25b-ST131 isolates were positive for the FIA replicon and the afa/dra operon and had an IS26 element flanking bla(CTX-M-15). Seventeen of the B2-O25b-ST131 isolates showed closely related PFGE profiles (defined by 84% band similarity) and belonged to identical clonal groups. CONCLUSIONS: The results highlight the inadequacy of the treatment process in removing multiresistant bacteria from municipal wastewater and point to a risk of transmission of clinically important multiresistant strains, such as the pandemic ST131 clone, to the environment. This is the first study demonstrating the pandemic ST131 clone in wastewater.
- MeSH
- bakteriologické techniky metody MeSH
- beta-laktamasy sekrece MeSH
- čištění vody MeSH
- DNA bakterií genetika MeSH
- DNA fingerprinting MeSH
- Escherichia coli klasifikace enzymologie genetika izolace a purifikace MeSH
- faktory virulence genetika MeSH
- genotyp MeSH
- Klebsiella klasifikace enzymologie genetika izolace a purifikace MeSH
- kultivační média chemie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mikrobiologie vody MeSH
- multilokusová sekvenční typizace MeSH
- plazmidy analýza MeSH
- polymerázová řetězová reakce MeSH
- pulzní gelová elektroforéza MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
