INTRODUCTION: Our project follows community requests for health service incorporation into conservation collaborations in the rainforests of Papua New Guinea (PNG). This protocol is for health needs assessments, our first step in coplanning medical provision in communities with no existing health data. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: The study includes clinical assessments and rapid anthropological assessment procedures (RAP) exploring the health needs and perspectives of partner communities in two areas, conducted over 6 weeks fieldwork. First, in Wanang village (population c.200), which is set in lowland rainforest. Second, in six communities (population c.3000) along an altitudinal transect up the highest mountain in PNG, Mount Wilhelm. Individual primary care assessments incorporate physical examinations and questioning (providing qualitative and quantitative data) while RAP includes focus groups, interviews and field observations (providing qualitative data). Given absence of in-community primary care, treatments are offered alongside research activity but will not form part of the study. Data are collected by a research fellow, primary care clinician and two PNG research technicians. After quantitative and qualitative analyses, we will report: ethnoclassifications of disease, causes, symptoms and perceived appropriate treatment; community rankings of disease importance and service needs; attitudes regarding health service provision; disease burdens and associations with altitudinal-related variables and cultural practices. To aid wider use study tools are in online supplemental file, and paper and ODK versions are available free from the corresponding author. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Challenges include supporting informed consent in communities with low literacy and diverse cultures, moral duties to provide treatment alongside research in medically underserved areas while minimising risks of therapeutic misconception and inappropriate inducement, and PNG research capacity building. Brighton and Sussex Medical School (UK), PNG Institute of Medical Research and PNG Medical Research Advisory Committee have approved the study. Dissemination will be via journals, village meetings and plain language summaries.
- MeSH
- kulturní antropologie MeSH
- lesy MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- odhad potřeb MeSH
- zdraví venkovských oblastí MeSH
- zdravotnické služby * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Papua Nová Guinea MeSH
Grooming in primates is often considered a "currency" that can be exchanged for other "services" or "commodities" such as reciprocal grooming, coalitionary support, infant handling, tolerance around food sources, active food sharing, or mating opportunities. Previous studies on primate grooming-for-sex exchange viewed the males as the demanding class, with the females as suppliers of mating opportunities. In this study, we examine the broader context of grooming-for-mating exchange in Barbary macaques in Gibraltar. Our data show that Barbary macaque males groom females with whom they are mating more frequently and for longer periods than other females, and the relationship between grooming and mating remains significant in both sexual and nonsexual contexts. In addition, females groomed males with whom they were mating more frequently and for longer periods than other males. In both sexes, grooming was observed to be far more frequent and to occur for longer durations in sexual compared to nonsexual contexts. We did not find any difference in grooming behavior between presexual and postsexual contexts. Our data suggest that there is no simple model to describe Barbary macaque grooming patterns in sexual contexts. Although our results are partly consistent with male use of grooming as payment for mating, broadly assessed grooming-mating patterns cannot be solely explained by a male-driven grooming-for-mating exchange.
- MeSH
- Macaca psychologie MeSH
- péče o zevnějšek u zvířat * MeSH
- sexuální chování zvířat * MeSH
- sociální chování * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Gibraltar MeSH
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis represents an important and evolutionarily ancient biological pathway linking physical and psychological stressors with human health. Despite considerable research exploring the physiological stress response among developed populations, few studies have examined HPA activity in non-industrialized contexts, restricting understanding of variation in human stress reactivity across global socio-ecological diversity. The present study addresses this shortcoming by investigating diurnal cortisol rhythms among Garisakang forager-horticulturalists of remote, lowland Papua New Guinea. Using a large sample of repeated salivary cortisol measurements from 169 participants (age 4-70 years), multilevel growth curve models were constructed to assess Garisakang waking cortisol concentrations and diurnal cortisol slopes. As predicted, results demonstrate identifiable but substantially diminished diurnal cortisol rhythms relative to those of industrialized populations. Sample-wide, Garisakang cortisol concentrations are highest upon waking (mean = 4.86 nmol/L) and decrease throughout the day at a mean rate of only -0.18 nmol/L/h or -6.20%/h. Age and sex significantly predict evaluated cortisol parameters in ways not consistently reported among industrialized populations, suggesting that Garisakang diurnal cortisol rhythms are defined by distinct ontogenetic trajectories across the lifespan. These findings highlight cross-cultural diversity in HPA activity and have important implications for understanding basic mechanisms of the physiological stress response in contexts of chronic physical stressors such as limited nutrition, heavy burden of infectious disease, and high levels of physical activity.
- MeSH
- cirkadiánní rytmus fyziologie MeSH
- cvičení MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- fyziologický stres fyziologie MeSH
- hydrokortison analýza MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- sliny chemie MeSH
- systém hypofýza - nadledviny fyziologie MeSH
- systém hypotalamus-hypofýza fyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Papua Nová Guinea MeSH
Individual variation in behaviour has been shown to have important ecological and evolutionary consequences. Research on animal personality has therefore received considerable attention, yet some methodological issues remain unresolved. We tested whether assessing personality by coding common behaviours is as time-consuming method as some researchers believe it to be. Altogether, 300 hours of observation were collected on 20 captive cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus). We first examined the repeatability of behavioural indices that represented the behavioural repertoire of cotton-top tamarins. We then compared the personality structures, based on different lengths of observation time, of these behavioural indices. The minimum observational time necessary to obtain a stable personality structure was 5 to 7 hours per individual. This stable structure included two components: Extraversion and Confidence, which were similar to those described in great apes, Old World monkeys, and other New World monkeys. Our findings suggest that, at least in the case of cotton-top tamarins, behavioural coding over relatively short periods of time can be used to assess personality and that longer observation periods may yield diminishing returns.
- MeSH
- časové faktory MeSH
- chování zvířat * MeSH
- individualita MeSH
- Saguinus psychologie MeSH
- testování osobnosti * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Social knowledge beyond one's direct relationships is a key in successfully manoeuvring the social world. Individuals gather information on the quality of social relationships between their group companions, which has been termed triadic awareness. Evidence of the use of triadic awareness in natural contexts is limited mainly to conflict management. Here we investigated triadic awareness in wild Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus) in the context of bridging interactions defined as male-infant-male interactions whereby a male (initiator, holder) presents an infant to another male (receiver, non-holder) in order to initiate an affiliative interaction with that male. Analyses based on 1263 h of focal observations on ten infants of one wild social group in Morocco supported the hypothesis that males use their knowledge of the relationship between infants and other adult males when choosing a male as a partner for bridging interactions. Specifically, (i) the number of bridging interactions among holder-infant-receiver triads was positively affected by the strength of the infant-receiver relationship and (ii) when two males were available as bridging partners, a male was more likely to be chosen as the receiver the stronger his social relationship with the infant relative to the other available male. This demonstrates that non-human primates establish triadic awareness of temporary infant-male relationships and use it in a naturally occurring affiliative context. Our results contribute to the discussion about the mechanism underlying the acquisition of triadic awareness and the benefits of its usage, and lend support to hypotheses linking social complexity to the evolution of complex cognition.
- MeSH
- kognice * MeSH
- Macaca * MeSH
- novorozená zvířata psychologie MeSH
- otcovské chování * MeSH
- uvědomování si * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
OBJECTIVES: Cultural practices may compromise the accuracy of salivary hormone measurements and must be considered when designing human biology research protocols. This study aims to evaluate the acute effect of one common human practice-chewing betel nut-on the measurement of salivary cortisol levels under field conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data were collected from 17 adult habitual betel nut users (males = 11; females = 6; mean age = 32.8 years) from a small rural community in Papua New Guinea. Saliva was collected in time series from each participant before and at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 75 min after chewing betel nut. Samples were analyzed by radioimmunoassay and cortisol levels were compared across time using linear mixed effects modeling. RESULTS: Measured mean cortisol concentration fell nearly 40% immediately following betel nut use and remained significantly below baseline levels for the following 45 min (all P < 0.05). Cortisol concentrations measured at 60 min and 75 min were indistinguishable from baseline levels (all P > 0.16). DISCUSSION: Chewing betel nut is associated with a transient but significant reduction in measured levels of salivary cortisol. Future research must take this into account in populations where betel nut use is prevalent.
- MeSH
- Areka * MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- hydrokortison analýza MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- radioimunoanalýza MeSH
- sliny chemie MeSH
- žvýkání MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Papua Nová Guinea MeSH
Grooming is one of the most conspicuous social interactions among nonhuman primates. The selection of grooming partners can provide important clues about factors relevant for the distribution of grooming within a social group. We analyzed grooming behavior among 17 semi-free ranging female Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus). We tested whether grooming is related to kinship, rank and friendship. Furthermore, we tested whether grooming is reciprocated or exchanged for rank related benefits (i.e. lower aggression and increased tolerance whilst feeding). We found that in general grooming was reciprocally exchanged, directed up the hierarchy and at the same time affected by friendship and kinship. Grooming was more frequent among individuals with higher friendship values as well as amongst related individuals. We also divided our data set on the basis of rank difference and tested if different power asymmetries between individuals affected the tendency to exchange grooming for rank related benefits and grooming reciprocation. In support of our initial hypothesis our results show that the reciprocation of grooming was a significant predictor of grooming interactions between individuals of similar rank, but not between those individuals more distantly separated in the social hierarchy. However, we did not find any evidence for grooming being exchanged for rank related benefits in either data set. Our results, together with previously published studies, illustrate the behavioral flexibility of macaques. It is clear that multiple studies of the same species are necessary to gather the data required for the solid comparative studies needed to shed light on patterns of grooming behavior in primates.
- MeSH
- agrese fyziologie MeSH
- chování zvířat fyziologie MeSH
- interpersonální vztahy MeSH
- Macaca fyziologie MeSH
- péče o zevnějšek u zvířat fyziologie MeSH
- přátelé MeSH
- sociální chování MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Výsledky laboratorních studií naznačují, že uživatelky orální hormonální antikoncepce (HA) preferují v porovnání s normálně cyklujícími ženami muže méně maskulinní a podobnější v genech MHC. Řada autorů spekulovala o celospolečensky závažných důsledcích tohoto fenoménu, jako například o vzrůstu rozvodovosti následkem nižší stability dlouhodobých partnerství, která se vytvořila pod vlivem užívání HA. Tyto spekulace však mají v současné době pouze omezenou empirickou podporu. Na základě shrnutí předchozích výzkumů lze pouze říci, že užívání HA ovlivňuje vnímání žen na úrovni partnerských preferencí, kdy je u uživatelek HA pozorováno nižší hodnocení sexuální atraktivity mužů vykazujících znaky genetické kvality a kompatibility k nim než u žen ve folikulární fázi menstruačního cyklu. Zároveň u nich však není ovlivněno hodnocení atraktivity mužů s charakteristikami vhodnými pro vytvoření dlouhodobého partnerství. Do současnosti neexistovaly studie, které by testovaly, zda se dlouhodobá partnerství vytvořená pod vlivem HA skutečně častěji rozpadají či zda jsou partneři v nich podobnější v genech MHC. Nejnovější výzkumy realizované mimo kontext laboratoře naznačují, že by výběr partnerů s vyššími partnerskými kvalitami spolu s výskytem propartnersky orientovaných behaviorálních projevů u zadaných uživatelek HA (např. nižší výskyt nevěry, vyšší frekvence dyadických sexuálních aktivit) mohly v reálném prostředí převážit negativa výběru partnera méně geneticky kvalitního a kompatibilního.
In laboratory conditions, the use of oral contraceptives (OC) has been shown to disrupt mate preferences (e.g. for masculinity and genetic dissimilarity) that are considered to be adaptive in naturally cycling women. The consequence of OC influenced mate choice on relationship satisfaction and durability in an ecological context has been extensively debated. However, there is only limited empirical support for these speculations. The stability of long-term couples, who met under the influence of OC use, has not been studied in an ecological context. We can only assume that OC use influences cognitive aspects of attractiveness ratings. OC users were found to give lower value to such sexual attractiveness of male stimuli which was associated with genetic quality and compatibility in comparison with normally cycling women in their follicular phase. However, the evaluation of male stimuli with the cues of higher parental and relationship qualities did not differ from ratings of normally cycling women. Results of recent studies accomplished outside the laboratory context suggest, that the bias in mate choice towards the preferences of men with higher long-term relationship qualities in conjunction with higher frequency of mate-retention behaviour observed in OC users (e.g. higher frequency of dyadic sexual activities, suppressed infidelity tendencies) can override the negatives of OC influenced mate preferences.
- Klíčová slova
- evoluční psychologie, partnerský výběr,
- MeSH
- antikoncepční chování psychologie trendy MeSH
- biologická evoluce MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- kontraceptiva orální hormonální farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- menstruace fyziologie psychologie účinky léků MeSH
- menstruační cyklus MeSH
- metaanalýza jako téma MeSH
- psychologie metody MeSH
- sexualita fyziologie psychologie účinky léků MeSH
- sexuální partneři psychologie MeSH
- statistika jako téma MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
