INTRODUCTION: This review focuses exclusively on field-based critical speed (CS) tests for runners, aiming to evaluate key testing conditions to optimize field-based assessments and their practical applications. METHODS: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science databases in July 2024 using terms like "critical power," "critical speed," "testing," and "field condition" along with related keywords. Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, studies were systematically identified, screened, assessed for eligibility, and evaluated for the validity, reliability, and applicability of field-based methods for determining CS in runners. RESULTS: From an initial pool of 450 studies, 19 met the inclusion criteria. The time trial (TT) test and the 3-minute all-out test (3MT) emerged as the most frequently used field-based methods, demonstrating high reliability when conducted under specific conditions. CONCLUSION: This review demonstrates that while field-based CS testing is a practical alternative to lab-based assessments, obtaining reliable results relies on following recommended testing settings, particularly for TT tests. By outlining the practical applications and conditions necessary for accurate CS assessment, this review supports athletes and coaches in applying CS testing effectively to enhance training strategies and performance.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- systematický přehled MeSH
OBJECTIVE: Provide a synthesis of the current literature about the effects of detraining on cognitive functions in older adults. METHODS: The PICOS acronym strategy was performed in PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and PsycINFO database. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses statement had been followed in the present study, in which the search was conducted on October 2023. The study selection consisted in original articles including older adults, detraining after training exercise period, use of tests or scales to measure cognitive function. The Downs and Black checklist had been used to assess the studies quality. Sample characteristics, type of previous training, detraining period, cognitive functions measurements and main results were extracted by 2 investigators. RESULTS: From 1927 studies, 12 studies were included, being 11 studies identified via systematic research, and 1 study by citation search. Older adults, ranged from 60 to 87 years old, were assessed after detraining. The cognitive functions most evaluated were global cognition and executive functions. One study evaluated both cognitive outcome and cerebral blood flow. Most of the studies demonstrated a decline in the cognitive function after detraining. CONCLUSION: Exercise detraining period, ranging from 10 days to 16 weeks, can effect negatively the cognitive function in older adults.
- MeSH
- cvičení * psychologie fyziologie MeSH
- exekutivní funkce fyziologie MeSH
- kognice * fyziologie MeSH
- kognitivní dysfunkce MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- systematický přehled MeSH
Introduction: Ice hockey is a power-speed sport played on ice. The surface specification is very different from a normal surface, so it is important to look for the most appropriate measurements and specific off-ice tests that would better define ice-hockey performance. Therefore, the main purpose of this research was to determine the relationship of rate of force development (RFD) in back squat with commonly used off-ice and on-ice tests. Methods: The research involved 15 junior ice-hockey players (181.8 ± 4.1 cm; 80.7 ± 8.8 kg; 18.4 ± 0.9 yrs) playing in the highest competition of Czech hockey. Players performed all tests in one day divided into 2 blocks - off-ice block (OFF) in the morning and on-ice block (ON) in the afternoon, respectively. The OFF contained 30 m sprint test with 15 m split (SP15; SP30), plyometric tests (broad jump - BJ; countermovement jump - CMJ), and a velocity squat protocol (VSP). Finally, in the ON was performed speed and coordination tests - 30 m forward skating with 15 m split (FW15 and FW30); 30 m backward skating with 15 m split (BW15 and BW30); Weave agility test (WAT); Transition test (TT) and Pro-agility test (PAT). Results: No significant results were found between RFD and coordination tests (TT, WAT, PAT) and CMJ. The significant correlations were found between RFD40kg and SP30 (r = -.865; p < .01) and BJ and RFD40kg, respectively (r =.649; p < .05). However, as the back squat loads increase, the correlation strength decreases between RFD and SP30 (r = -.677; p < .01 for RFD50kg and r = -.560; p < .05 for RFD60kg). Moreover, the strong degree of correlation were observed between RFD40kg and FW15 (r = -.699; p < .05) and also FW30 (r = -.705; p < 0.05). Conclusion: The results of the study show a significant relationship between the RFD and commonly used off-ice and on-ice tests.
The article deals with structure and performance-related changes occurring in the beginning of puberty in relation to ice-hockey players of the older pupil category. 20 male players born in 2005 and in 2006 of corresponding biological age underwent measuring of their somatic parameters, balance and specific performance on ice. To evaluate the maturity age, the Roche-Wainer-Thissen method was used; moreover, the Star excursion balance test (SEBT) was used to assess the balance and the Illinois agility test (IAT) without a puck was used to assess the performance on ice. The results show that players born in 2005 show bigger structural changes in comparison with those born in 2006; nevertheless, no differences in somatotypology were found. As far as performance is concerned, the players born in 2005 were faster in the IAT while those born in 2006 displayed bigger reaches in SEBT – specifically in the anteromedial (AM), medial (M), posteromedial (PM), posterior (P), posterolateral (PL), anterolateral (AL) direction and the composite score (COMP). These findings strongly indicate that IAT depends on the production of strength which was bigger due to the structural changes. The SEBT results of the players born in 2005 may have been influenced by the puberty spurt during which adolescents’ coordination stagnates due to a worsened postural control. The growth of body proportionality may have led to lever changes and to ineffective motor control while dealing with a new motor task as well. Another reason for the above-mentioned may also be muscle shortening.
