Shaped by advances in scientific instrumentation and experimental techniques, the concept of antibody has undergone profound transformations throughout the history of immunology. Serological assays, separation techniques, protein fragmentation techniques, molecular biology techniques, and other methodological innovations did not only serve to produce data on the structure and function of these molecules but, by framing antibodies into a unique facet of experimental investigation, were effectively redefining and reconceptualizing these molecules for the scientific community. The characteristics and properties of antibodies observed in experimental settings were often directly extrapolated to their presumed nature in living organisms, as exemplified by the literal identification of antibodies with a gamma electrophoretic fraction in the 1930s. Stemming from parallel advances in related fields such as molecular biology and biochemistry, the introduction of novel techniques was driving shifts in the field of immunology, establishing novel frameworks of theoretical conceptualization and understanding. Technological innovation in experimental techniques continues to shape our view of these molecules, driving progress in both basic immunology and therapeutic applications.
- MeSH
- alergologie a imunologie dějiny MeSH
- dějiny 19. století MeSH
- dějiny 20. století MeSH
- dějiny 21. století MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- protilátky * imunologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- dějiny 19. století MeSH
- dějiny 20. století MeSH
- dějiny 21. století MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- historické články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
56 stran : ilustrace ; 21 cm
Příručka a brožura, která se zaměřuje na poskytování první pomoci dětem. Určeno široké veřejnosti.
- MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- první pomoc * MeSH
- rány a poranění MeSH
- úrazy a nehody MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- Publikační typ
- populární práce MeSH
- příručky MeSH
- Konspekt
- Patologie. Klinická medicína
- NLK Obory
- urgentní lékařství
- pediatrie
- zdravotní výchova
- NLK Publikační typ
- brožury
56 stran : ilustrace ; 21 cm
Příručka a brožura, která se zaměřuje na poskytování první pomoci při zraněních a úrazech. Určeno dětem a mládeži.
- MeSH
- první pomoc * MeSH
- rány a poranění MeSH
- úrazy a nehody MeSH
- Publikační typ
- příručky MeSH
- Konspekt
- Patologie. Klinická medicína
- Literatura pro děti a mládež (naučná)
- NLK Obory
- urgentní lékařství
- zdravotní výchova
- NLK Publikační typ
- brožury
- literatura pro děti a mládež
- MeSH
- alergologie a imunologie * MeSH
- filosofie lékařská * MeSH
- kongresy jako téma MeSH
- Publikační typ
- zprávy MeSH
In this paper we address the issue of how to think about immunity. Many immunological writings suggest a straightforward option: the view that the immune system is primarily a system of defense, which naturally invites the talk of strong immunity and strong immune response. Despite their undisputable positive role in immunology, such metaphors can also pose a risk of establishing a narrow perspective, omitting from consideration phenomena that do not neatly fit those powerful metaphors. Building on this analysis, we argue two things. First, we argue that the immune system is involved not only in defense. Second, by disentangling various possible meanings of 'strength' and 'weakness' in immunology, we also argue that such a construal of immunity generally contributes to the distortion of the overall picture of what the immune system is, what it does, and why it sometimes fails. Instead, we propose to understand the nature of the immune system in terms of contextuality, regulation, and trade-offs. We suggest that our approach provides lessons for a general understanding of the organizing principles of the immune system in health and disease. For all this to work, we discuss a wide range of immunological phenomena.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
56 stran : ilustrace ; 21 cm
Příručka se zaměřuje na metody první pomoci. Určeno mladistvým.
- MeSH
- první pomoc * MeSH
- rány a poranění terapie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- příručky MeSH
- Konspekt
- Patologie. Klinická medicína
- Literatura pro děti a mládež (naučná)
- NLK Obory
- zdravotní výchova
- urgentní lékařství
- NLK Publikační typ
- brožury
- literatura pro děti a mládež
Agent-based models (ABMs) are one of the main sources of evidence for decisions regarding mitigation and suppression measures against the spread of SARS-CoV-2. These models have not been previously included in the hierarchy of evidence put forth by the evidence-based medicine movement, which prioritizes those research methods that deliver results less susceptible to the risk of confounding. We point out the need to assess the quality of evidence delivered by ABMs and ask the question of what is the risk that assumptions entertained in ABMs do not include all the key factors and make model predictions susceptible to the problem of confounding.
- MeSH
- COVID-19 epidemiologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- pandemie * MeSH
- SARS-CoV-2 fyziologie MeSH
- systémová analýza * MeSH
- teoretické modely MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
BACKGROUND: Our purpose is to assess epidemiological agent-based models-or ABMs-of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic methodologically. The rapid spread of the outbreak requires fast-paced decision-making regarding mitigation measures. However, the evidence for the efficacy of non-pharmaceutical interventions such as imposed social distancing and school or workplace closures is scarce: few observational studies use quasi-experimental research designs, and conducting randomized controlled trials seems infeasible. Additionally, evidence from the previous coronavirus outbreaks of SARS and MERS lacks external validity, given the significant differences in contagiousness of those pathogens relative to SARS-CoV-2. To address the pressing policy questions that have emerged as a result of COVID-19, epidemiologists have produced numerous models that range from simple compartmental models to highly advanced agent-based models. These models have been criticized for involving simplifications and lacking empirical support for their assumptions. METHODS: To address these voices and methodologically appraise epidemiological ABMs, we consider AceMod (the model of the COVID-19 epidemic in Australia) as a case study of the modelling practice. RESULTS: Our example shows that, although epidemiological ABMs involve simplifications of various sorts, the key characteristics of social interactions and the spread of SARS-CoV-2 are represented sufficiently accurately. This is the case because these modellers treat empirical results as inputs for constructing modelling assumptions and rules that the agents follow; and they use calibration to assert the adequacy to benchmark variables. CONCLUSIONS: Given this, we claim that the best epidemiological ABMs are models of actual mechanisms and deliver both mechanistic and difference-making evidence. Consequently, they may also adequately describe the effects of possible interventions. Finally, we discuss the limitations of ABMs and put forward policy recommendations.
76 stran : ilustrace ; 21 cm
Příručka se zaměřuje na metody první pomoci. Určeno mladistvým.
- MeSH
- první pomoc * MeSH
- rány a poranění MeSH
- Publikační typ
- literatura pro mládež MeSH
- příručky MeSH
- Konspekt
- Patologie. Klinická medicína
- Literatura pro děti a mládež (naučná)
- NLK Obory
- urgentní lékařství
- zdravotní výchova
- NLK Publikační typ
- brožury
1. vydání 75 stran : ilustrace ; 21 cm
Přehledně uspořádané a vysvětlené základní postupy první pomoci. Názorné obrázky, modelové situace přímo ze života, testové otázky. Jedná se o základní zdroj informací, který je vhodný doplnit kurzem první pomoci.
- MeSH
- Červený kříž MeSH
- první pomoc klasifikace metody MeSH
- terapie náhlých příhod klasifikace metody MeSH
- Publikační typ
- příručky MeSH
- Konspekt
- Patologie. Klinická medicína
- NLK Obory
- urgentní lékařství
- zdravotní výchova
