The Colorado potato beetle ranks as one of the most important potato pests, mainly due to its high feeding rate during all developmental stages, particularly third and fourth larval instar, and high fecundity. The effect of essential oil (EO) from anise (Pimpinella anisum L. [Apiales: Apiaceae]) prepared as conventional and encapsulated (EN) formulations on the mortality and antifeedant responses of young larvae of Colorado potato beetles was studied to evaluate the insecticidal and antifeedant effects of five concentrations of this EO and to assess the persistence of both formulations on potato plants. The EN formulation had a significantly higher residual amount compared with that of the conventionally formulated EO. Significantly different values of LC50 and LC90 (ppm) were established for the EO (LC50 = 1,700 and LC90 = 9500) and EN (LC50 = 3,100 and LC90 = 14,300) formulations. The effects of both P. anisum formulations (EO and EN) applied topically to Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) larvae were distinctly different from those observed with the contact treatment. At the highest concentration of 20,000 ppm, the mortality of the second instars of the L. decemlineata larvae did not exceed 25%. On the other hand, both tested formulations of P. anisum were highly effective when administered orally. The encapsulated EO formulation achieved a distinctly higher biological activity. Our results confirm that the EO from P. anisum, especially the encapsulated formulation, has high insecticidal properties that may lead to the development of new organic products for the control of Colorado potato beetles.
- MeSH
- bedrník * MeSH
- brouci * MeSH
- larva MeSH
- oleje prchavé * MeSH
- Solanum tuberosum * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Colorado MeSH
Fungi in the genus Geosmithia (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) are frequent associates of bark beetles and woodborers that colonize hardwood and coniferous trees. One species, Geosmithia morbida, is an economically damaging invasive species. The authors surveyed the Geosmithia species of California and Colorado, USA, to (i) provide baseline data on taxonomy of Geosmithia and beetle vector specificity across the western USA; (ii) investigate the subcortical beetle fauna for alternative vectors of the invasive G. morbida; and (iii) interpret the community composition of this region within the emerging global biogeography of Geosmithia. Geosmithia was detected in 87% of 126 beetle samples obtained from 39 plant species. Twenty-nine species of Geosmithia were distinguished, of which 13 may be new species. Bark beetles from hardwoods, Cupressus, and Sequoia appear to be regular vectors, with Geosmithia present in all beetle gallery systems examined. Other subcortical insects appear to vector Geosmithia at lower frequencies. Overall, most Geosmithia have a distinct level of vector specificity (mostly high, sometimes low) enabling their separation to generalists and specialists. Plant pathogenic Geosmithia morbida was not found in association with any other beetle besides Pityophthorus juglandis. However, four additional Geosmithia species were found in P. juglandis galleries. When integrated with recent data from other continents, a global pattern of Geosmithia distribution across continents, latitudes, and vectors is emerging: of the 29 Geosmithia species found in the western USA, 12 have not been reported outside of the USA. The most frequently encountered species with the widest global distribution also had the broadest range of beetle vectors. Several Geosmithia spp. with very narrow vector ranges in Europe exhibited the similar degree of specialization in the USA. Such strong canalization in association could reflect an ancient origin of each individual association, or a recent origin and a subsequent diversification in North America.
- MeSH
- biodiverzita * MeSH
- brouci klasifikace mikrobiologie MeSH
- DNA fungální genetika MeSH
- druhová specificita MeSH
- fenotyp MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- hmyz - vektory mikrobiologie MeSH
- Hypocreales klasifikace izolace a purifikace MeSH
- nemoci rostlin mikrobiologie MeSH
- stromy mikrobiologie MeSH
- zavlečené druhy MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Colorado MeSH
- Kalifornie MeSH
- MeSH
- chemoprofylaxe * metody MeSH
- isoniazid terapeutické užití MeSH
- kombinovaná farmakoterapie metody MeSH
- kontrola infekčních nemocí metody organizace a řízení MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- plicní tuberkulóza * diagnóza epidemiologie farmakoterapie prevence a kontrola MeSH
- rifampin terapeutické užití MeSH
- test pomocí interferonu gama MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Colorado MeSH
- Spojené státy americké MeSH
The biologically based two-stage clonal expansion (TSCE) model is used to analyze lung cancer in several miners studies, two new ones (Czech, French) and two historic ones (Chinese, Colorado). In all cases, the model assumptions are identical. An action of radiation on initiation, promotion, and transformation is allowed. While all four studies indicate a highly significant action of radiation on promotion, the action on initiation is not significant in the French cohort, and barely significant in the Colorado miners cohort. No action on transformation is found in the Colorado miners, while the other data sets indicate a borderline significance. The model can describe all the data sets adequately, with different model parameters. The observed patterns in exposure, time since beginning of exposure, birth year, age and calendar year are reproduced well. The doubling exposure rate for initiation is about 3.5 WLM/year in the new data sets, while it is higher in the historic data sets. For transformation the doubling rate is about 20 WLM/year for the new data sets, while again the historic data give higher estimates. The action of radiation on promotion is quite different in the four data sets. These differences also induce different risk estimates at low exposures. The larger power of the new studies at these low exposures, compared to the historic data requires less extrapolation when the risk at very low exposures is estimated.
- MeSH
- algoritmy MeSH
- biologické modely * MeSH
- dávka záření MeSH
- hodnocení rizik metody MeSH
- hornictví statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- incidence MeSH
- kohortové studie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- monitorování radiace metody MeSH
- nádory plic mortalita MeSH
- nádory vyvolané zářením mortalita MeSH
- obsah radioaktivních látek v organizmu MeSH
- počítačová simulace MeSH
- proporcionální rizikové modely MeSH
- radon analýza MeSH
- relativní biologická účinnost MeSH
- rizikové faktory MeSH
- věkové rozložení MeSH
- vztah dávky záření a odpovědi MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- klinické zkoušky kontrolované MeSH
- klinické zkoušky MeSH
- multicentrická studie MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
- validační studie MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
- Čína MeSH
- Colorado MeSH
- Francie MeSH
